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Lesson 1 in Gen Phy1

Physics is the most basic science that studies energy, matter, space, time, and their interactions using experimentation and measurement. Its goal is to describe all physical phenomena using fundamental relationships called physical laws. Measurement is a key concept in physics and assigns a numerical value to an object's property, such as using a meter stick to measure height. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. There are seven fundamental physical dimensions - length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, number of particles, and luminous intensity - each with its own standard unit in the International System of Units.

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42 views16 pages

Lesson 1 in Gen Phy1

Physics is the most basic science that studies energy, matter, space, time, and their interactions using experimentation and measurement. Its goal is to describe all physical phenomena using fundamental relationships called physical laws. Measurement is a key concept in physics and assigns a numerical value to an object's property, such as using a meter stick to measure height. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. There are seven fundamental physical dimensions - length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, number of particles, and luminous intensity - each with its own standard unit in the International System of Units.

Uploaded by

Leanjay Francisco
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Introduction of

General Physics
 
Physics
 
¨ Physics is the most basic of the sciences,
concerning itself with energy, matter, space
and time, and their interactions.

 ¨ is a quantitative science that uses


experimentation and measurement to
advance our understanding of the world
around us.
 
Its goal : to describe all phenomena in the physical world in
terms of a few fundamental relationships (called the laws of
Physics) between measurable properties of matter and
energy.
 

Measurement

- One of the fundamental building blocks of physics is measurement.


Essentially, measurement assigns a numerical value to some aspect of an
object. For example, if we want to compare the height of two people, we
can have them stand side by side and we can easily see who is taller .

 · A measuremet is expressed in terms of a number and a unit.


 
 
 A system of units consists of a set of standard units and
their combinations. System International or SI
( International system unit )
Counting & Measuring:
Accuracy & Precision

 · One of the simplest methods of quantifying is to count.


 · This methods is applicable wherever we have individual
units, such as apples, oranges, people,, or atoms.
 In principle, counting is an exact process of quantifying
because we are using whole numbers, or integers, to express
a quantity.
 · Another method of quantifying is to measure.

 · Unlike counting, the process of measurement is not exact.

 · When we measure, we are no longer using integers to


determine quantity. Instead, we are using the markings on a
meter stick, or thermometer, or the ticks of a clock to
measure quantities of length, temperature and time.
 
Counting & Measuring:
Accuracy & Precision

 
 · A different kind of measurement uncertainty involves
the possibility of incorrect design or calibration of the
instrument, or incorrect reading or interpretation of the
instrument.
 · Such errors are called systematic errors.
 · These errors cause the measurement to be consistently
higher or lower than the true value.
 · Such a measurement is said to be inaccurate.
 
 
So ACCURACY

• The extent to which a measured value agrees with a true value.

PRECISION
 
• The consistency of repeated measured values.
Example

 A woman steps on different scales to weigh herself ( Her


actual weight is 60 kgs ) .

 1st Weighing scale

- 71 kgs
 69 kgs

 55 kgs

 75 kgs
2nd Weighing scale

- 52 kgs
- 54 kgs
- 52 kgs
- 53 kgs

3rd Weighing scale

- 60 kgs
- 60 kgs
- 59 kgs
- 61 kgs
Dimensions and Units in Measurement
 
 When measuring a physical quantity, we first have to identify what kind
of physical property we are measuring.
 
 There are only seven basic kinds of physical properties necessary to
describe all physical measurements.
 
  These properties are called dimensions.
 
They are:
length mass time temperature electric current number of
particles luminous intensity
 
 With each dimension, there is an associated unit.
 
 
 
 
The fundamental dimensions and their basic SI units are shown.

 
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Ampere A
Number of Particles Mole M
Luminous Intensity Candela cd

Calculating with Units


 
Calculating with measured quantities involves two processes:
 
1) Doing the numerical calculation, and
2) ) Calculating the units of the resulting quantity.
 
Examples:
Dividing 60 miles (mi) by 2 hours (h) gives:
60 mi 2 h = 30 mi h = 30 mi/h

Multiplying 3 kilograms (kg) by 12 meters per second (m/s):


3 kg x 12 m/s = 36 kg . m/s
Converting Between Systems of Units
We can convert any measurement from one system to another by using the appropriate
equivalencies, called conversion factors.
 
For example: 1 ft = 0.3054 m
 
We read this as:
“there are 0.3054 meters in one foot (0.3054 m/1 ft)” or
“there is one foot in 0.3054 meters (1 ft/0.3054 m)
 
Examples:
a) Convert 20.0 ft into meters.
b)  Convert 60.0 mi/h to m/s.

Answer :
A. 1 ft = 0.3054 m
Therefore, 20 ft = 20 x 0.3054 = 6.108m
 
B. 1 mi/h = 1610m/3600s
Therefore, 60mi/h = (60 x 1610)/3600 m/s = 26.83 m/s
 
Converter:
 
1 inch=2.54cm
1 ounce=0.03 liter
1 ton= 1.016kg
Example :
Express the following quantities as indicated :
 
A. A distance of 25 meters to feet
· month ( 30 days ) to minutes
B. One
C. A speed of 60 mi/hr to meter/second
 
Solution :
 
A. From the conversion table , 1 m = 3.281 ft, so
 
3.281 = 82 ft
25 m x 1 m
 
B. 24 hr x 60 min = 43 200 mins
30 days x 1 day 1 hr
 
 
C. From the conversion table , 1 mi = 1609.3 and 1 hr = 3600 seconds so,
 
mi x 1609. 3 x 1hr = 26. 8 or 27 m/s
60 hr 1 mi 3600 s
 
 
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