UNIT-4 & UNIT-5
DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
Maxwell’s Cork screw
Rule :
Hold the cork screw in yr right
hand and rotate it in clockwise
in such a way that it advances
in the direction of current.
Then the direction in which the
hand rotates will be the
direction of magnetic lines of
force .
Fleming’s left hand rule
Fleming’s left hand rule
Used to determine the direction of force acting
on a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb
of the left hand are kept at right angles to one
another .
The middle finger represent the direction
of current
The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction of force
acting on the conductor .
This rule is used in motors.
Fleming’s Right hand rule
Fleming’s Right hand rule
Used to determine the direction of emf
induced in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one
another.
The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
The thumb represent the direction of motion of
the conductor
The middle finger will indicate the direction of
the inducted emf .
This rule is used in DC Generators
Len’s
Law
The direction of induced emf is given by
Lenz’s law .
According to this law, the induced emf
will be acting in such a way so as to
oppose the very cause of production of it .
e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
DC
Mechanical energy is
Generator converted to electric
energy
Three
requirements are
essential
1.Conductors
2.Magnetic field
3.Mechanical energy
Working
A principle
generator works on the principles of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in
the magnetic field , an emf is
induced and the magnitude of the
induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of flux linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if the
conductor circuit is closed .
DC Machine
Commutator
Sectional view of a DC machine
Construction of DC
Generator
Field system
Armature
core
Armature
winding
Commutator
Brushes
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
Working principle of DC motor
Working principle of DC motor
Force in DC motor
Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave
A=P winding A
=2
The armature It is used in low
windings are current output
divided into and high
no. of sections voltage.
equal to the 2 brushes
no of poles
Field
system
It is for uniform magnetic field
within which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of
the following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole
shoes
Field coils
Armature
core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the
eddy current loss
Commutato
r external circuit
Connect with
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other Each
commutator segment is connected to
armature conductors by means of a cu strip
called
riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines
because they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they
contact commutator
To deliver the current thro armature Carbon
is used for brushes because it has
negative temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving
area of contact
Brush rock and holder
Carbon brush
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush
gear ) Front end cover
Rear end cover Cooling
fan Bearing Terminal
box
EMF equation
Let,
Ø= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor P
= Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
Eg = emf generated in any on of the
parallel path
EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution =P*φ
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 60 sec = P φ N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor = PφN/60
Number of conductors in
each parallel path =
Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
Types of DC Generator
DC generators are generally classified
according to their method of excitation .
Separately excited DC generator Self
excited D C generator
Further classification of DC Generator
Series wound generator Shunt
wound generator Compound
wound generator
Short shunt & Long shunt
Cumulatively compound
& Differentially compound
Characteristics
No load saturation characteristic (Eo/If)
Internal or Total characteristic (E/ Ia)
External characteristic (V/I)
Critical field
For resistance
appreciable generation of emf,
the
field resistance must be always less
certain resistance, that resistance is
called as the critical resistance of the
machine .
General terms used in Armature
reaction
Magnetic neutral axis :
It is perpendicular to the lines of force
between the two opposite adjacent poles.
Leading pole Tip (LPT) :
It is the end of the pole which first comes in
contact with the armature.
Trailing pole tip :
It is the end of the pole which comes in
contact later with the armature.
Armature Reaction
Interaction of Main field flux with
Armature field flux
Effects of Armature Reaction
It decreases the efficiency of the machine
It produces sparking at the brushes
It produces a demagnetising effect on
the main poles
It reduces the emf induced
Self excited generators some times fail to
build up emf
Armature reaction remedies
1.Brushes must be shifted to the new position of
the MNA
2.Extra turns in the field winding
3.Slots are made on the tips to increase the
reluctance
4.The laminated cores of the shoe are staggered
5.In big machines the compensating winding at
pole shoes produces a flux which just opposes
the armature mmf flux automatically.
Commutation
The change in direction of current takes
place when the conductors are along the
brush axis .
During this reverse process brushes short
circuit that coil and undergone
commutation
Due to this sparking is produced and the
brushes will be damaged and also
causes voltage dropping.
Losses in DC
1. CopperGenerators
losses or variable losses
2. Stray losses or constant losses
Stray losses : consist of (a) iron losses or
core losses and (b) windage and friction
losses .
Iron losses : occurs in the core of the
machine due to change of magnetic flux
in the core . Consist of hysteresis loss
and eddy current loss.
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency
Losses
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Eddy current losses : directly proportional
to the flux density , frequency , thickness of
the lamination .
Windage and friction losses are constant due
to the opposition of wind and friction .
Applications
Shunt Generators:
a.in electro plating
b.for battery recharging
c.as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A.As boosters
B.As lighting arc lamps
DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical
energy
Construction : Same for Generator and
motor
Working principle : Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field , a force is set up on the
conductor.
Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature
conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of
the induced emf is always so as to oppose
the cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause
and hence this induced emf opposes the
supply voltage.
Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified
into three types as listed below:
⚫Shunt motor
⚫Series motor
⚫Compound motor
Differential compound Cumulative
compound
Torque
The turning or twisting force about
an axis is called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞ φ I a Ta ∞ I2a
Characteristic of DC
motors
⚫T/ Ia characteristic
⚫N/ I characteristic
a
⚫N/T
characteristic
Speed control of DC
motors
According to the speed equation of a dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by-
Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field
winding.
Armature control method: By Changing the
armature resistance which in turn changes
the voltage applied across the armature
Flux
control
Advantages of flux control:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control Speed
control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature voltage control
method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated
speed is required , by rheostatic method then
the voltage across the armature can be varied
by connecting rheostat in a potential divider
Starters for DC motors
Needed to limit the starting
current .
1.Two point starter
2.Three point starter
3.Four point starter
Testing of DC
To determinemachines
the efficiency of as DC motor , the output and
input should be known.
There are two methods.
The load test or The direct method The indirect method
Direct method: In this method , the efficiency is determined
by knowing the input and output power of the motor.
Indirect method: Swinburne’s test is an indirect method of
testing DC shunt machines to predetermine the effficency
, as a motor and as a Generator. In this method,
efficiency is calculated by determining the losses .
Applications:
Shunt Motor: Blowers and fans
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Lathe machines
Machine tools
Milling machines Drilling machines
Applications:
Series Motor: Cranes
Hoists , Elevators
Trolleys Conveyors
Electric locomotives
Applications:
Cumulative compound Motor:
Rolling mills
Punches Shears
Heavy planers
Elevators
•
• Thanks
