Lec# Crop Improvement Methods
Lec# Crop Improvement Methods
Lec# Crop Improvement Methods
PLANT INTRODUCTION
Plant introduction usually means the introduction of the plants from places
outside the county, may be of same or another continent. It can be defined as
the “process of introducing plants from their growing locality to a new locality”
Introduction of plant material from another country within same continent, for
e.g., Litchi and loquat from China.
INTERSTATE PLANT INTRODUCTION
Introduction of plant material into different states within the country or from
another district within the same state, for e.g., distribution of state
recommended varieties of different crops from one district to another within
the same state for general cultivation.
Any plant material therefore brought from another place may be within or
outside the country, may be termed as introduced material or method of
plant introduction. These introductions are also termed as exotic collection
(EC, Introductions may be from outside the country) or indigenous collections
(IC, Introduction may be from other parts or other states of the same
country).
PLANT INTRODUCTION ON THE BASIS OF NATURE
On the basis of nature, plant introduction is divided into two types
Primary introduction:
Introduced plant is released directly for cultivation as a variety, for e.g.,
Introduction of Wheat varieties ‘Lerma Rojo’ and ‘Sonora 64’ in our country
from Mexico in early 1960s; IR8 and Jaya varieties of rice.
Secondary introduction:
Introduced material is used for selection or for hybridization with the
indigenous germplasm to bring about the desired improvement to make it
suitable for cultivation for e.g., wheat variety ‘kalyan sona’ and ‘sonalika.’
CROP IMPROVEMENT HISTORY
• Eight to ten thousand years ago, farmers have been altering the genetic makeup of the
crops they grow
• Early farmers selected the best looking plants and seeds and saved them to plant for the
next season
• By using science of genetics breeders use that knowledge to develop the improved varieties
with the desired traits
• The selection for features such as
faster growth,
higher yields,
pest and disease resistance,
larger seeds,
sweeter fruits
• Has dramatically changed domesticated plant species compared to their wild relatives
• For example
⦿ Initially thousands of years ago corn was found like finger of a hand
⦿ Today, there are hundreds of corn varieties which having various size are available
CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF CROP IMPROVEMENT
The process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits
to be bred with other cultivars. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or
mutagenic seeds.
In 1920s, researchers discovered that they could greatly increase the number of these variations or
mutations by exposing plants to X-rays and mutation-inducing chemicals
Mutation breeding” accelerated after World War II, when the techniques of the nuclear age (began in mid-
July 1945)
Plants were exposed to gamma rays, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and beta particles to see if these
would induce useful mutations
Chemicals such as sodium azide and ethyl methanesulphonate, were also used to cause mutations
In the 80 years of mutation breeding (1939-2021), a total of 3,218 varieties
obtained through mutation breeding
Breeding can only be done between two plants that can sexually mate with
each other this limits the new traits that can be added to those that already
exist in that species
Plants are crossed, many traits are transferred along with the trait of interest
including traits with undesirable effects on yield potential
NON CONVENTIONAL CROP IMPROVEMENT
Non-conventional plant breeding Allows the direct transfer of one or just a few
genes, between either closely or distantly related organisms Crop
improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional
Breeding Allows plants to be modified by removing or switching off particular
genes
Genetic engineering
Micro propagation
Embryo culture
Pollen culture/Anther culture Ovary/Ovule
culture
Somaclonal variation
Polyploidy Breeding
CONCEPT OF MODERN CROP IMPROVEMENT
LIST OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
PROCDEURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENIC PLANT