CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH PROBLEM
AND HYPOTHESIS
By Maureen O. Catubay & April Joy Lamis
Research Problem and 5 factors to consider:
 The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the
problem,
 The solution to the problem can be answered using statistical methods and
techniques,
 There are probable solutions but not yet tested,
 The occurrence of the phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at
precise solution; and,
 It is a serious need or problem of the people that demands research.
 so•ci•o•ec•o•nom•ic
/ˌsōsēōˌēkəˈnämik,ˌsōsēōˌekəˈnämik/
Adjective
relating to or concerned with the
interaction of social and economic factors.
 “EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS AND
ENGLISH AS PERCEIVED BY K TO 12 LEARNERS IN
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN ILOILO CITY”
1. What is the mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private
schools in Iloilo City?
2. Are the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools
in Iloilo City within the regional mean and national mean?
3. Is teaching Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City effective?
4. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners
in public and private schools in Iloilo City?
5. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public
and private schools in Iloilo City?
6. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City?
 Illustration 2 (Descriptive Research)
“CORRELATION BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION (TLE) SCORES AND THE NUMBER OF HOURS OF STUDY
IN TLE AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PUBLIC
SCHOOLS IN METRO MANILA”

1. What is the correlation between the TLE scores and the number of
hours of study in TLE among senior high school students in public
schools in Metro Manila?
2. Is there a significant relationship between Technology Livelihood
Education scores and the number of hours of study in TLE among
senior high school students in public schools in Metro Manila?
 Illustration 3 (Experimental Research)
“SURVIVAL RATE AND WEIGHT OF FRESHWATER CATFISH
(CLARIAS BATRACHIUS LINNAEUS) CULTURED IN FISHPOND
USING FISH MEAL AND BREAD MEAL AS SUPPLEMENTAL
FEEDS.”
1. What is the survival rate of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in fishpond
using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds?
2. What is the mean weight of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in fishpond
using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds?
3. Is there a significant difference in the mean weight of freshwater catfish (C.
batrachus) cultured in fishpond using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental
feeds?
 Illustration 4 (Experimental Research)
“WEIGHT INCREMENT OF MUD CRAB (SCYLLA SERRATA) CULTURED
IN THE FISHPOND USING PELLETS AND BREAD MEAL SUPPLEMENTAL
FEEDS.”

1. What is the mean weight increment of mud crab (Scylla

serrata) cultured in the fishpond using the pellets and mud
crab using bread meal as supplemental feeds?
2. Is there a significant difference in the mean weight
increment of mud crab (S. serrata) cultured in the
fishpond using pellets and mud crab using meal as
supplemental feeds?
 Characteristic of a Research Problem
(SMART)

01 02 03 04 05
SPECIFIC • MEASURABLE • ACHIEVABLE • REALISTIC • TIME-BOUND •
THE DATA ARE REAL RESULTS ARE TIME FRAME IS
THE PROBLEM
ACHIEVABLE BY ATTAINED BECAUSE NECESSARY IN
SHOULD BE THEY ARE GATHERED EVERY ACTIVITY
SPECIFICALLY USING CORRECT
STATISTICAL TOOLS SCIENTIFICALLY AND BECAUSE THE
STATED. NOT MANEUVERED. SHORTER THE
TO ARRIVE AT EXACT
RESULTS. COMPLETION OF THE
ACTIVITY, THE
BETTER.
Sources of Research Problem
 Specialization
 Existing and past researches
 Theses, dissertations and research journals
 Problems met
 Creative ideas of the researcher
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
 Interesting - A good research problem should be interesting so as to give motivation to the researcher to
finish the entire research.
 Relevant to government’s thrust – A good research problem must respond to the government’s thrust.
 Relevant to the needs and problems of the people – Researchers must keep in mind that he conducts
research not for his own needs and problems, but to solve the needs and problems of other people.
 Innovative - Though replicability of conducting research is allowable, a good research problem is new in
order to attract the attention of the people and can be patented.
 Cost-effective – A good research problem must be economical and effective.
 Inventive – An inventive good research problem is new and unique, in that research outputs respond to the
socioeconomic needs of the county. It should also be patentable.
 Return on investment – The output of a good research problem has return on investment in order to
respond to the socioeconomic needs of the country.
 Original – It should be original and first of its kind in the world.
 Measurable – It should be measurable.
 Time-bound – It should be completed within the time frame allotted.
HYPOTHESIS
— a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to
explain the observed facts covered by the study (Calmorin
2010). Hypothesis guides the researcher to describe the
procedure to follow in conducting the study. Hypothesis is
important because it tells the researcher what to and how to
go about solving the research problem.
Types of Hypothesis

 The null hypothesis (H0); and,

 The alternative hypothesis (H1).
Null Hypothesis

— is a type of a denial of existence of a trait,

characteristics, quality, value, correlation, or difference
of the result. It is always stated in negative form. The
variables are equal; hence, the difference is zero (0).
The symbol of null hypothesis is H0 because all
variables are equal.
Illustration 1 (Descriptive Research)
Specific Research Problems
1. What is the mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City?
2. Are the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City
within the regional mean and national mean?
3. Is the teaching of Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City
effective?
4. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City?
5. Is there a significant difference on the mean score of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools
in Iloilo City?
6. Is there a significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City?
Null Hypothesis
1. The mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City is zero.
2. The mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City are
below the regional mean and below the national mean.
3. The teaching of Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City is
ineffective.
4. There is no significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City.
5. There is no significant difference on the mean score of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public and private
schools in Iloilo City.
6. There is no significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City.
Illustration 2 (Descriptive Research)
Specific Research Problems

1. What is the correlation between the TLE scores and the number of hours of
study in TLE among senior high school students in public schools in Metro
Manila?
2. Is there a significant relationship between Technology Livelihood Education
scores and the number of hours of study in TLE among senior high school
students in public schools in Metro Manila?
Null Hypothesis

1. The correlation between the TLE scores and the number of hours of study in
TLE among senior high school students in public schools in Metro Manila is
zero.
2. There is no significant relationship between Technology Livelihood Education
scores and the number of hours of study in TLE among senior high school
students in public schools in Metro Manila.
Illustration 3 (Experimental Research)
Specific Research Problems
1. What is the survival rate of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in
fishpond using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds?
2. What is the mean weight of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in
fishpond using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds?
3. Is there a significant difference in the mean weight of freshwater catfish (C.
batrachus) cultured in fishpond using fish meal and bread meal as
supplemental feeds?
Null Hypotheses

1. The survival rate of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in fishpond

using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds is zero.
2. The mean weight of freshwater catfish (C. batrachus) cultured in fishpond
using fish meal and bread meal as supplemental feeds is zero.
3. There is no significant difference in the mean weight of freshwater catfish (C.
batrachus) cultured in fishpond using fish meal and bread meal as
supplemental feeds.
 Rejection and Acceptance of Null Hypothesis
(H ) 0

All hypotheses stated in Chapter 1, both descriptive and inferential statements, must be rejected or
accepted depending on the statistical results.
The null hypothesis (H0) is rejected if the computed value (CV) is significant. If the CV is equal to or
greater than the tabular value (TV) or critical value, the result is significant. Hence, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
The null hypothesis (H0) is accepted if the computed value is insignificant. If the CV is lesser than the TV
or critical value, the result is insignificant. Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. It is summarized this
way:
If CV ≥ TV, significant = reject H0
If CV < TV, insignificant = accept H0
Illustration 1 (Descriptive Research)
Null Hypotheses (H ) 0

1. The mean score of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City is zero.
2. The mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City are
below the regional mean and below the national mean.
3. The teaching of Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City is
ineffective.
4. There is no significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and
private schools in Iloilo City.
5. There is no significant difference on the mean score of Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public and private
schools in Iloilo City.
6. There is no significant difference on the mean scores of English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in
Iloilo City.
Rejection of H0 and Interpretation
1. The null hypothesis is a descriptive statement using mean as descriptive statistical tool. If mean
scores in Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 leaners in public and private schools in Iloilo
City are not zero; hence, the null hypothesis is rejected.
2. The null hypothesis is a descriptive statement using mean as descriptive statistical tool. If mean
scores of Mathematics and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo
City are above the regional mean and above the national mean, the null hypothesis is rejected.
3. The null hypothesis is a descriptive statement using mean as descriptive statistical tool. If the mean
scores of Mathematics and English are above the regional mean and above national mean; hence,
teaching of Mathematics and English as perceived by K to 12 learners in public and private schools
in Iloilo City is effective; thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
4. The null hypothesis is an inferential statement using Z-test as bivariate inferential
statistical tool. If there is significant difference on the mean scores of Mathematics
and English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City, the
null hypothesis is rejected. This means that the mean scores of Mathematics and
English taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City really
differ from each other.
5. The null hypothesis is an inferential statement using Z-test as bivariate inferential
statistical tool. The two variables are K to 12 public school learners and K to 12
private school learners. If there is significant difference on the mean scores of
Mathematics taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City, the
null hypothesis is rejected. This means that the mean scores of Mathematics taken by
K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City really differe from each
other.
6. The null hypothesis is an inferential statement using Z-test as bivariate inferential
statistical tool. If there is significant difference on the mean scores of English
taken by K to 12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City, the null
hypothesis is rejected. This means that the mean scores of English taken by K to
12 learners in public and private schools in Iloilo City really differ from each
other.
~fin~