Advanced design of concrete

structures
Lecture-01
Introduction
Why are you setting here?
What is a structure?
Ans…

 Structure is an assemblage of load

bearing elements in a construction
like beams, slabs ,columns,etc.
What are structural components?
Ans…

 Load resisting components….

 If you remove it ,it will collapse.
What are non-structural components?
Ans….

 Non-load bearing elements…..

 If we remove it they will not have effects
on the structure….
 Partition walls, doors windows ,tiles
,claddings,etc….
What is analysis?
Ans….

 To understand the
behavior of a system…
What is structural analysis?
Ans….

 Structural analysis is the application of

solid mechanics to predict the response
(in terms of forces and displacements) of
a given structure (existing or proposed )
subject to specified loads.
 The process of structural Analysis

Loads Response(force response and

(input) Structure displacement response)
(System or (Output)
stimulus)
Define over designed structures?
Define under designed structures?
Requirements of a structure

1. Stability
2. Strength
3. Stiffness
4. Economy
5. Aesthetics
What is strength?
 Ans…

 Ultimate load resisting capacity.

 It could be flexural strength, shear strength, axial
strength, torsional strength.
What is Hooke’s law?
Ans…

 Hooke’s law has tow parts….

 For linearly elastic materials the stress is
directly proportional to the strain.
What is elastic material?
Ans….

 Are those materials which regain

its original shape after the
removal of the load.
Which is more elastic rubber or steel?
Ans…

 Steel….
 In both cases its regain its original shape but the force
required to stretch the steel for the same elongation is
much much more.
 So elasticity does not mean rubber band behavior.
Objective of the course

 Humans need construction of civil structures such

as buildings, bridges and dams etc. to fulfill their
various needs.
. An Engineering design would ensure that these
structures are built safe and economical.
Cont….

 Materials such as stones, bricks, timber, steel and

concrete are generally used to construct these
structures.
. In this course, however we will study some basic
concepts of the design of Buildings (bridges, dams
etc. will not be
discussed) made of reinforced concrete.
Concrete and reinforced concrete

 Concrete is the most commonly used construction

material ,consumed at a rate of approximately one
ton for every living human being.
 “man consumes no material except water in such
tremendous quantities”,
Why is concrete so popular and steel relatively not so popular?
!!! In us they use a lot of steel…
Ans….

 Labor is very expensive….

Usage of structural concrete

 Structural concrete is used extensively in the construction

of various kinds of buildings, stadia, auditoria, pavements,
bridges, piers. breakwaters, berthing structures, dams,
waterways, pipes, water tanks, swimming pools, cooling
towers, bunkers and silos, chimneys, communication
towers, tunnels, wind turbine foundations , offshore oil
structures.
Wind turbine foundation
Offshore oil structures
What is the more generic definition of concrete?
Ans…

 Solid….
 Doesn’t change the form
so quickly.
What is plain concrete

 Concrete is defined as any solid mass

made by the use of a cementing
medium; the ingredients generally
comprise sand, gravel, cement and water.
Sand and crushed stone
Cement
Water
Cont…

 Its success and popularity may be largely attributed

to:
1. Durability under hostile environments.
2. Ease with which it can be cast into a variety of
shapes and sizes, and
3. Its relative economy and easy availability.
Cont….

 The main strength lies in its

compression-bearing ability ,which
surpasses that of traditional materials
like brick and stone masonry.
Cont…

 Concrete is remarkably strong in

compression , but it is equally
remarkably weak in tension.
Reinforced concrete

 Reinforced concrete, which is

concrete with steel bars
embedded in it.
Note

 An unreinforced beam fails

very suddenly and
completely when the first
crack forms.
Grade of concrete?

 If you had to select a single measure

for concrete quality ,which property
would you choose?
Ans…

 The desired properties of concrete are its

compressive strength ,tensile strength
,shear strength ,bond strength ,density
,impermeability ,durability etc…
Cont…

 Among these ,the property that can be easily tested

,and is perhaps the most valuable (from the
viewpoint of structural design ) is the compressive
strength .this is measured by standard tests on
concrete cube (or cylinder ) specimens.
Cont…

 Concrete strength is notorious

(unreliable)for its variability.
Concrete mix design

 The design of a concrete mix for a specified grade

involves the economical selection of the relative
proportions (and type) of cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water (and admixtures, if
any).
Standard concrete

 Standard concrete is made on the basis of mix design

(proportioned by weight ) .in addition to cement
,aggregate, and water it may contain chemical admixtures
(accelerators ,retarders ,superplacticizers,etc) to achieve
certain target values of various properties in fresh
condition .
 Generally concrete up to grade M50 is included.
High performance concrete

 High performance concrete is similar to standard

concrete but contains additional one or more
mineral admixtures (fly ash, silica fume ,rice husk
ash,etc) to increase strength ,reduce porosity ,etc.)
concrete up to grade M90 is included.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material

1.It has a relatively high

compressive strength.
2.It has better resistance
to fire than steel.
3.Reinforced concrete
structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-
maintenance material
5. It has a long service
life.
6.In some types of structures,
such as dams, piers, and
footings, it is the most
economical structural
material.
7.A special feature of concrete is its ability to
be cast into an extraordinary variety of
shapes from simple slabs, beams, and
columns to great arches and shells.
8.In most areas, concrete takes advantage of
inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and
water) and requires relatively small amounts
of cement and reinforcing steel, which may
have to be shipped from other parts of the
country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is
required for erection as compared
with other materials such as
structural steel
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material
Historical
background
Reinforced concrete

 Joseph Monier, owner of a French nursery garden began

experimenting (in around 1850) on reinforced concrete tubs
with iron for planting trees.
 The first RC building in the US was a house built in 1875 by
W. E. Ward, a mechanical engineer.
 Working Stress Design Method, developed by Coignet in
around 1894 was universally used till 1950.
Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel
for Buildings and Bridges

 The selection of the structural material to be

used for a particular building depends on the
height and span of the structure, the material
market, foundation conditions, local building
codes, and architectural considerations.
Cont…

 Making decisions about using concrete or steel for

a bridge involves several factors, such as span,
foundation conditions, loads, architectural
considerations, and others. In general, concrete is
an excellent compression material and normally
will be favored for short-span bridges and for cases
where rigidity is required (as, perhaps, for railway
bridges).
Note

 steel is often selected for

long-span structures.
Why!
Answer

 The compressive strength of concrete is

roughly 10 percent that of steel, while its unit
density is roughly 30 percent that of steel. As
a result, a concrete structure requires a larger
volume and a greater weight of material than
does a comparable steel structure.
Compatibility of Concrete and Steel

 Concrete and steel reinforcing work together

beautifully in reinforced concrete structures. The
advantages of each material seem to compensate
for the disadvantages of the other.
 Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths equal to
approximately 100 times that of the usual
concretes used.
Cont…

 The two materials bond together very well so there is little

chance of slippage between the two; thus, they will act
together as a unit in resisting forces. The excellent bond
obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion between the
two materials, the natural roughness of the bars, and the
closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the
bars’ surfaces.
Cont…

 concrete and steel work well together in relation to

temperature changes because their coefficients of
thermal expansion are quite close. For steel, the
coefficient is 0.0000065 per unit length per degree
Fahrenheit, while it varies for concrete from about
0.000004 to 0.000007 (average value: 0.0000055).
Not…

 Steel imparts ductility to

the concrete.
Ductility is very important in earthquake loads …why?
…………….and How?
Ans…

 The earthquake is pumping energy to the

structure the structure will store that energy
and release it .
 Steel yielding .
Design codes
Cement

 In 1824 Joseph Aspdin mixed limestone and

clay and heated them
in a kiln to produce cement.
 The commercial production started around
1880.
Admixtures

 A material (usually in liquid form)other

than cement, water and aggregates, that is
used as an ingredient of concrete and is
added to the batch immediately
before or during mixing to change
properties of fresh or hardened concrete
Cont…

  Uses
Admixtures are used to:
 achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively
than by other means.
 maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of
mixing, transporting, placing, and curing in adverse
weather conditions.
 reduce the cost of concrete construction.
Types

  As per ACI Committee 212, admixtures have been

classified into following groups:
 Air-entraining Admixtures: causes the development
of a system of microscopic air bubbles in concrete, mortar,
or cement paste during mixing. Air-entrained concrete
should be used wherever water saturated concrete may be
exposed to freezing and thawing. Air entrainment also
improves the workability of concrete.
Cont…

  Accelerating Admixtures: causes an increase in the

rate of hydration of the hydraulic cement and thus
shortens the time of setting, increases the rate of strength
development, or both.
 Water Reducing and Set-Controlling Admixtures:
Reduce the water requirements of a concrete mixture for a
given slump, modify
the time of setting, or both.
Cont…

  Admixtures for Flowing Concrete: Flowing Concrete

is concrete that is characterized as having a slump greater
than 190 mm (7-1/2
in.) while maintaining a cohesive nature.
 Miscellaneous
 Freeze Resistant, Pigments, Bonding, Grouting etc.
(Refer ACI 212 for details and more types of
miscellaneous admixtures).