Ancient Times

STS of the Ancient Times

1. Transportation
2. Communication
3. engineering and architecture
 Transportation
• needed by people to discover new
horizons
• to search for food
• find better locations for settlements
• to trade their surplus goods in exchange
for things they lack
• navigation assisted them in their journey
 Communication
• to discover and occupy new places
• to prevent conflicts
• record keeping of history and culture to
establish their identities
• for the people's demands in times of
scarcity of food
 Weapons and Armors
• for security and protection
• conservation of life
• protection from human attacks
 engineering and architecture
• build structures to address their specific
needs
• elaborate designs were signs of
technological advancement and become a
status symbol for a particular nation
• establish identity of a nation
 Sumerians

• known for their high degree of cooperation

with one another and their desire for great
things
• contented of the basic things that life can
offer

Desire for great things pushed them to

develop many things connected with science
and technology
 Sumerian Civilization
Contributions:
1. cuneiform
2. Uruk city
3. The geat Ziggurat of Ur
4. irrigation and Dikes
5. sailboats
6. Wheel
7. Plow
8. Roads
Cuneiform
 Cuneiform
• first writing system developed by the
Sumerians
• a system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved on
clay using wedge instruments and then left
to dry
• allowed the Sumerians to keep records of
things with great historical value or their
everyday life
 Uruk City
• considered to be the first true city in the
world
• build this city using mud or clay from the
river mixed with reeds, producing sun-
baked bricks which they use to make
houses that protected them from harsh
weather
Bricks were used to build walls around the
city that prevented wild animals and
neighboring raiders from entering
 The Great Ziggurat of Ur
• also called the mountain of God
• also made up of sun-baked bricks
• served as a sacred place of their chief
God
• only priests are allowed to enter
• showcase the elaborate sumerian
architecture and the technology used to
built
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
 Irrigation and Dikes
• to bring water to the farmlands and
control flooding of the rivers
• considered as one of the world's most
beneficial engineering works
• made Sumerians to enjoy year long
farming and harvesting, which
increased their food production
Irrigation and Dikes
 Sailboats

• essential in
transportation and
trading and in
fostering culture,
information and
technology
 Wheel

• the first was used for farm work and

processes which made mass production
easier
• farmers were able to mill grains with less
effort in less time
 The Plow
• was invented to dig the earth in a faster
pace.
• farmers could cultivate large parcel of land
faster, enabling them to mass produce
food without taking much effort and time
 Roads
• laid down on the ground sun-baked
bricks and improved the flow of
traffic
• poured bitumen to smoothen the
road
 The Babylonians Civilization
Babylonians
 great builders, engineers, and architects

The hanging garden of Babylon

-1 of their great contributions, as 1 of the 7
wonders of the world
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• a structure made up of layers of gardens
that contained several species of plants,
trees and vines
• if true, maybe considered as one of the
greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world impossible to
replicate
 Egyptian Civilization
1. Paper/Papyrus
-was a major accomplishment in
Egyptian record keeping and
communication

- easy to send letters and

correspondence
 Egyptians
2. Ink - combining soot with different
chemicals
• must withstand the elements of nature
since it was used to record history,
culture, and odified laws
 Egyptians

3. Hieroglyphics- system of
writing using symbols
• believed that this system was
provided by their Gods
• language that tells the modern
world of the history and culture
of the ancient Egyptians
4. Cosmetics- invented to function for
health and aesthetic reasons

Kohl worn by Egyptians to prevent and

even cure eye diseases.
-created by mixing soot or malachite with
galena
KOHL
 Egyptians believed that a
person wearing make -up
was protected from evil and
that beauty was a sign of
holiness
4. Wig- worn for wealth and wellness
• used to protect the shaved heads of
wealthy from harmful rays of the sun
• considered cleaner than natural hair
because it prevented the
accumulation of head lice
 Water Clock/Clepsydra
• utilizes gravity that affects the flow of the
water from one vessel to the other
The amount of water remaining in the
device determines how much time has
elapsed since its full

• widely used as a time keeping device

during the ancient time
 Greek Civilization
Inventions:
1. alarm clock
2. water mill
 Alarm Clock

Plato's alarm clock

-4 containers arrange vertically
 Water Mill
• used in agricultural processes
• were considered better than mills powered
by farm animals
 Roman Civilization
1. news paper
Gazette: the first newspaper which
contained announcements of the Roman
Empire
-engraved in metal or stonetablets
2. Bound of Book or Codex
3. Roman Architecture
-one of the most visual contributions
-a continuation of the Greek architecture
- a pioneer since it adapt new building
and engineering technology on architectural
designs
- preserved great and elaborate designs
 Roman architecture

-creatively redesign old architectural

patterns to adapt to the new trends fully
supported and funded by the government

4. Roman Numerals
-to address the need for standard
counting method that would meet their
increasing communication and trade
concerns
 Chinese Civilization

1. silk
-produced by silkworms

Chinese
-developed technology how to harvest silk
d the process how to produce paper and
clothing
 Chinese
Silk production resulted in the creation of
a product for trade

Silk trade
-opened China to the outside world,
making way for cultural, economic and
scientific exchanges
-bridge the gap between the western
world and the middle kingdom
 Tea Production
Tea
-a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves

Tea Production
-was developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created that shred tea
leaves into strips
 Great Wall of China
- once the only man-made structure that
could be seen from outer space

-said to be the most extensive infrastructure

that the nation built

-to keep out foreign invaders and control the

borders
 Great Wall of China
• showcase the extent of Chinese
engineering technology
• massive and strong structure that it literally
divided China from the rest of the world
 Gunpowder
• one of the most interesting inventions
• was developed by a Chinese alchemist
who aimed to achieved immortality
– mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassum nitrate
and accidentally invented a black powder that
could actually generate large amount of heat
and gas in an instant
 Gunpowder

-widely used to propel bullets from guns and

cannons which cause coutless deaths
 Medieval/Middle Ages
1. Printing Press
-developed by Johann Gutenberg where
he utilized wooden machines that extracted
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal
impression of the letters
-invented to address the need for
publishing books that would spread
information
 Microscope
- key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing various
illnesses
 Telescope
- help in the observation of remote objects

Other instrument invented:

1.compass
2.oars:row or steer a boat through the
water
3.rudders:for steering the boat
 War Weapons
• as defensive instruments
• include body armors
For open areas battles, people developed
cross bows and long bows to attack
enemies at long ranges.
 Modern Times
1. Pasteurization
-process of heating dairy products to kill
harmful bacteria that allows to spoil faster
-prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria
-by Louis Pasteur
 Pasteurization

Challenge:
To keep manufactured food from
deteriorating especially dairy products if not
will cause illnesses like diptheria, food
poisoning and typhoid fever.
 Petroleum refinery
-established after the development of
kerosene by Samuel Kier

-better means of powering homes and

transportation
 Telephone
• developed by Alexander
Graham Bell
• more people got
connected
 calculator
• for faster way to compute more
complicated equations
 Philippine Inventions
• 1. Salamander amphibious vehicle
-invented by Victor Llave
-cross flooded streets, rivers and lakes
- travel island to island
- invented to address problems on
transportation during rainy season
 SALt lamp( sustainable alternative lighting
lamp)

-invented by a young Filipino, Aisa Mejino, a

faculty member of the engineering dept. at
de la salle university and a member of
Greenpeace
-utilizes saltwater
-address the needs of the society living in
coastal areas and in far flung barrios
mix 2 tbsp of salt + glass of tap water
3. medical incubator
-devised by Dr. Fe del Mundo using
indigenous and cheap material which did not
use electricity
4. mosquito ovicidal/larvacidal trap system
- OL trap
-made of natural ingredients that lethal to
mosquitoes but safe for human and
environment
-developed by DOST-ITDI (industrial
Technology Development Institute
 Ejeepney
• utilizes electricity
• was invented to address the problem on
noise and air pollution due to black smoke
it emits
 Group Task
1. Give 3 other scientific and technological
in the world or in the Philippines that created
a large impact in your daily life.

2. How did the developments in science

and technology shape human history?