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Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur Mirpur Institute of Technology

DC DISTRIBUTION • In the beginning of the electrical age, electricity was generated as a direct current and voltages were low. • The resistance losses in the lines made it impracticable (unpractical) to transmit and distribute power for more than a few localities (zones/area) of the city. With the development of the transformer, A.C. has taken over the load formerly supplied by D.C. • Now-a-days, electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of A.C. as an economical pro

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67 views15 pages

Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur Mirpur Institute of Technology

DC DISTRIBUTION • In the beginning of the electrical age, electricity was generated as a direct current and voltages were low. • The resistance losses in the lines made it impracticable (unpractical) to transmit and distribute power for more than a few localities (zones/area) of the city. With the development of the transformer, A.C. has taken over the load formerly supplied by D.C. • Now-a-days, electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of A.C. as an economical pro

Uploaded by

SEARCH GB
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


Electromagnetic Field
ET-422

Lecture [2] : Cartesian & Cylindrical Coordinates

Dr.Tasleem Kausar
(Lecturer)

June, 2020
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
In order to describe the spatial variations of the physical quantities, we
must be able to define all points uniquely in space in a suitable manner.

This requires using an appropriate coordinate system.

A considerable amount of work and time may be saved by choosing a


coordinate system that best fits a given problem.

A hard problem in one coordinate system may turn out to be easy in


another system.

We shall restrict ourselves to the three best-known coordinate systems:


the Cartesian, the cylindrical, and the spherical.

Electromagnetic Field Theory 3


Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
Bear in mind that the concepts demonstrated in Cartesian coordinates
are equally applicable to other systems of coordinates

For example, the procedure for finding dot or cross product of two
vectors in a cylindrical system is the same as that used in the Cartesian
system

Sometimes, it is necessary to transform points and vectors from one


coordinate system to another

The techniques for doing this will be presented and illustrated with
examples

Electromagnetic Field Theory 4


Coordinate Systems
Cartesian Coordinates (X,Y,Z)
A vector A in Cartesian (also known as rectangular) coordinates can be
written as:

where ax, ay , and az are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-directions

Electromagnetic Field Theory 5


Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
The cylindrical coordinate system is very convenient whenever we are
dealing with problems having cylindrical symmetry

A point P in cylindrical coordinates is


represented as (ρ, Φ, z) as shown in
the figure:

ρ is the radius of the cylinder passing


through P or the radial distance from
the z-axis

Φ is measured from the x-axis in the


xy-plane

z is the same as in the Cartesian


system
Electromagnetic Field Theory 6
Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
The ranges of the variables are:

A vector A in cylindrical coordinates can be written as:

where aρ  , aΦ , and az are unit vectors in the ρ, Φ and z directions

For example, if a force of 10 N acts on a particle in a circular motion, the


force may be represented as F = 10a Φ N
The magnitude of A is:

Electromagnetic Field Theory 7


Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ,Φ,z)
Notice that the unit vectors aρ  , aΦ , and az are mutually perpendicular
because our coordinate systems are orthogonal

aρ points in the direction of increasing ρ, aΦ in the direction of increasing


Φ, and az in the positive z-direction, so we have:

Electromagnetic Field Theory 8


Point Transformations
The relationships between the variables (x, y, z) of the Cartesian
coordinate system and those of the cylindrical system ( ρ, Φ, z) are easily
obtained from figure shown:

Electromagnetic Field Theory 9


Point Transformations
Point Transformations

For transforming a point from Cartesian (x, y, z) to Cylindrical (ρ, Φ, z)


coordinates:

For transforming a point from Cylindrical (ρ, Φ, z) to Cartesian (x, y, z)


coordinates:

Electromagnetic Field Theory 10


Unit Vector Transformations
Vector Transformations
The transformations may be written in matrix form as:

AND

Electromagnetic Field Theory 11


Matlab Section
MATLAB Section
Example
(a) A bar graph that contains five numbers x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

(b) Plot the numbers y = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 vs. x.

(c) Plot two cycles of a sine wave using the ‘fplot’ command. Introduce the
symbol θ with the command ‘\theta’ in the ‘xlabel’ or in a text statement.

(d) Plot an exponential function in the range 0 < x < 3. Calculate this
function with the interval Δx = 0.01. Text items such as the ‘ylabel’ or a
statement can include superscripts and subscripts. The superscript is
introduced with the command ‘^’ and the subscript is introduced with the
command ‘_’.

Electromagnetic Field Theory 12


Unit Vector Transformations
MATLAB Section
Commands Needed
1) clear = clear all variables and functions from memory.

2) clf = clear current figures

3) cla = clear current axis

4) hold = hold current graph

5) subplot = subplot(m,n,p), or subplot(mnp), breaks the Figure window into an


m-by-n matrix of small axes, selects the p-th axes for the current plot

6) xlabel & ylable = for labelling axis

7) fplot(FUN,LIMS) = plots the function FUN between the x-axis limits specified
by LIMS = [XMIN XMAX].

8) bar(Y) uses the default value of X=1:M


Electromagnetic Field Theory 13
Unit Vector Transformations
MATLAB Section

Electromagnetic Field Theory 14


THANKS

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