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Discontinuous: On/Off Time Proportional Proportional (P) Integral (I) Derivative (D) PI PD PID

This document discusses different types of controllers used in process control systems. It describes discontinuous controllers like ON/OFF controllers and time proportional controllers. It also describes continuous controllers like proportional (P), integral (I), derivative (D), PI, PD, and PID controllers. For each type of controller, it provides brief information about the control action, advantages, disadvantages, and applications.

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140 views16 pages

Discontinuous: On/Off Time Proportional Proportional (P) Integral (I) Derivative (D) PI PD PID

This document discusses different types of controllers used in process control systems. It describes discontinuous controllers like ON/OFF controllers and time proportional controllers. It also describes continuous controllers like proportional (P), integral (I), derivative (D), PI, PD, and PID controllers. For each type of controller, it provides brief information about the control action, advantages, disadvantages, and applications.

Uploaded by

Piyul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Controllers/Control Actions

 Discontinuous
 ON/OFF

 Time Proportional

 Continuous
 Proportional (P)

 Integral (I)

 Derivative (D)

 PI

 PD

 PID
ON/OFF Controller
 P = 0 % ep < 0 (ep = SP – MV)
= 100 % ep > 0
 Oscillations in controlled variable about SP value
 To reduce cycling of controller output, deadband is
et around SP(Neutral zone/ differential gap)
 Advantages a. Simple b. Inexpensive
 Disadvantages Oscillations of controlled variable
about SP
 Applications: Large scale systems with slow process
rate like room heating or AC
ON/OFF Controller
ON/OFF Controller
ON/OFF Controller
ON/OFF Controller
 Why oscillations are produced in ON/OFF
controller? How they can be reduced.
 State advantages and limitations of ON?OFF
controller and give application of it
Proportional Controller
 P = Kp ep + Po
 Specified in terms of proportional gain
Kp or in terms of proportional band(PB)
PB = 100 / Kp
 The magnitude by which ep has to
change to cover full controller output
from 0 % to 100 % is PB
Proportional Controller
Proportional Controller
Offset in Proportional Controller
Proportional Controller
 Disadvantages: Due to 1:1 correspondence between
ep and output when there is a load change it generates
offset (permanent difference between SP and the
value attained by process variable following a load
change)
 Proportional controller responds only to magnitude of
ep and not to the time for which ep is present
 Offset is less if Kp is high. If Kp is v high response is
oscillatory
 Not used in applications where there are frequent load
changes
Integral
t
Controller
 Equation P= K I ⌡ep dt + Po(I)

 Acts on both magnitude and time for which error is present


 Can eliminate offset generated by proportional controller
following a load change. So called as reset
action/Automatic reset.
 Disadvantage: Reset windup
 So can’t be used alone

 Not used for batch process

 Causes overshoot during startup of continuous process.

 Used in process having small process lags and small


capacity.
Derivative Controller
 Equation P= KD dep
dt
 Fastest control action
 Anticipatory control action
 Also called as rate action
 Suitable for processes having large process lag like in
temperature loops/large time constant Multicapacity
process.
 Not suitable for flow control
 Disadvantage: Provides no output when error is constant.
So never used alone.
 Not suitable for step input.

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