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Lecture4 Intensity Transformations

1. The document discusses various intensity transformation and spatial filtering techniques used in digital image processing. Intensity transformation operates on individual pixels, while spatial filtering considers neighborhoods of pixels. 2. Common intensity transformation functions include image negative, log transformation, power law (gamma) transformations, and piecewise-linear transformations like contrast stretching, thresholding, intensity-level slicing, and bit-plane slicing. 3. Image negative inverts pixel intensities and is useful for enhancing details in dark regions. Log and power law transformations map narrow intensity ranges to wider ranges. Intensity and bit-plane slicing highlight specific intensity levels or bits.

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102 views23 pages

Lecture4 Intensity Transformations

1. The document discusses various intensity transformation and spatial filtering techniques used in digital image processing. Intensity transformation operates on individual pixels, while spatial filtering considers neighborhoods of pixels. 2. Common intensity transformation functions include image negative, log transformation, power law (gamma) transformations, and piecewise-linear transformations like contrast stretching, thresholding, intensity-level slicing, and bit-plane slicing. 3. Image negative inverts pixel intensities and is useful for enhancing details in dark regions. Log and power law transformations map narrow intensity ranges to wider ranges. Intensity and bit-plane slicing highlight specific intensity levels or bits.

Uploaded by

fuxail
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image

Processing
Lecture 4
Intensity Transformations
Intensity Transformation and Spatial
Filtering
• Intensity
Transformation
• operates on
single pixels
individually
• Also called
point processing
• Spatial Filtering
is working along
with
neighborhood of
every pixel
Intensity Transformation Function
• Simplest representation of all Image Processing Techniques
• Value of pixels before and after processing will be denoted by r and s
respectively.

s= T( r )
• T is the transformation function for each pixel
Some basic Intensity Transformation
Functions
3.2.1 Image Negative
3.2.2 Log Transformation
3.2.3 Power Law (Gamma) Transformations
3.2.4 Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
Contrast stretching
Thresholding (Converting to B&W)
Intensity-level slicing
Bit-plane slicing
Image Negative

s= L – 1 – r OR s= max – r
For a pixel of value 181 we will have
s = 255 – 181 = 74
78 ?
233 ?
250 ?
255 ?
0?
Image Negative
• Suited for enhancing white or grey details embedded in dark regions
• Especially when dark/black areas are dominantl
Image Negative

Representing same visual contents but analysis is easier in negative image.


Log Transformation
s = c log(1+r)
• Where c is a constant and r>=0
• Shape of log curve shows that this transformation maps a narrow
range of low intensity values in the input to a wider range of output
levels

>>r=[0:255];
>>s=log(1+r);
>>plot(r,s)
Power Law (gamma) Transformations

s=c r γ
• Where c and γ are positive constants
Power Law (gamma) Transformations
Intensity-level slicing
• Highlights a specific range of intensities in an image
• Implemented in several ways most of them are variations of two of
the following basic themes
I. Display all the gray-levels of interest in one intensity level (say White or
Black) and making rest of the pixels opposite to what has been done to the
pixels of interest. Result is a binary image.
II. Display all the gray-levels of interest in one intensity level (say White or
Black) and keep rest of the pixels unchanged.
Intensity-level slicing
Bit-plane slicing
• 8-bit pixel has 256 different gray-levels.
• Each bit has a significance depending on the position it holds
• A pixel having gray-value 111 will have binary equivalent ?
• Bit-pane slicing is extracting each of these bits individually so that the
significance of them can be viewed graphically.
• How to extract these bit planes (Problem 3.4 in the book)
Bit-plane slicing
Bit-plane slicing
• Border of this image has pixel value 194
• 194 in binary ?
Image reconstruction using the extracted
bit-plane

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