5G

TERMINOLOGIE
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 5G
TERMINOLOGIES
5G Subcarrier Spacing
In 5G NR, subcarrier spacing of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 KHz are supported
As you see here, each numerology is labeled as a parameter (u, mu in Greek). The numerology (u = 0) represents subcarrier
spacing of 15 kHz which is same as LTE. And as you see in the second column the subcarrier spacing other than 15KHz, for 5G NR

Scalable OFDM Numerology to efficiently address diverse spectrum, deployments and services
Motivation Behind Having Multiple Numerology in 5G NR
Talking about numerology, as we know LTE has single subcarrier spacing equal to 15khz, but here in NR, we have multiple numerologies
and those are represented by Greek letter µ. So 15khz will be the smallest subcarrier spacing and shown in the table we have wider subcarrier
spacing.
Now let’s understand the motivation behind having multiple numerology  (subcarrier spacing) in NR,
•To support wide range of deployment scenarios ranging from sub 1 Ghz to mm wave applications
•Wider subcarrier spacing are more suitable for deployments with smaller Cell-Size
• Smaller cell size has low delay spread which means we can use lower length CP to reduce
overhead on system, therefore CP length (overhead) reduces with cell size as CP is a part
of symbol itself and as symbol length and subcarrier spacing are inversely proportional
•Wider subcarrier spacing makes system robust to phase noise
• Phase noise increase with LO frequency but decrease with subcarrier spacing therefore if
we want to operate in higher frequency ranges, we should use wider subcarrier spacing to
mitigate phase noise
•Wider subcarrier spacing are also suitable to support low latency services
• In NR scheduling happens on slot level, therefore latency of system is determined by slot
duration, so lower slot duration or wider subcarrier spacing implies low latency
•Narrow subcarrier spacing should be used in delay spread intensive environments
• As explained above but in cases where delay spread is high CP length should also be
higher, in those cases we should be using narrow subcarrier spacing like 15 or 30khz,
• Now you might be thinking that in these cases we will not have wider subcarrier spacing
advantages, but for this 3GPP allowed to have extended CP in 60khz case as we earlier
saw in numerology table
•Inter numerology interference, as there is a famous saying nothing come for free, till now we had
discussed all the advantages of multiple subcarrier spacing, but one minus point is multiple
numerology create inter numerology interference, there are some techniques to mitigate or reduce
this
•To reduce inter-numerology interference
• Spectral confinement is important to reduce inter-numerology interference as well as out-
of-band (OOB) emissions
5G Frame –Sub Frame

Slot length gets different depending on different subcarrier spacing. The general
tendency is that slot length gets shorter as subcarrier spacing gets wider. Actually
this tendency comes from the nature of OFDM

Downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into frames with 10ms
duration, each consisting of ten sub frames of 1ms
In Total, there are 10 sub frames in one frame

Number of slots per sub frame varies with carrier spacing

There can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 slots per sub frame

The number of symbols within a slot does not change with the numerology
or subcarrier spacing

OFDM symbols in a slot can be classified as ‘downlink’ (denoted ‘D’),

‘flexible’ (denoted ‘X’), or ‘uplink’ (denoted ‘U’)

The number of symbols per slot is 14 (in case of Normal CP) and 12 (in
case of Extended CP)
5G Slot Format
Slot Format indicates how each of symbols within a single slot is used. It defines which symbols are used for uplink and which symbols
are used for downlink within a specific slot. In LTE TDD, if a subframe (equivalent to a Slot in NR) is configured for DL or UL, all of
the symbols within the subframe should be used as DL or UL. But in NR, the symbols within a slot can be configured in various ways as
follows.

Mini-Slot Use Cases

– Support of very low latency (i.e. part of URLLC)

– Support of finer TDM granularity of scheduling for

the same/different UEs within a slot

• Especially if TRxP uses beam-sweeping (e.g. above

6GHz)

– NR-LTE co-existence (e.g. using LTE MBSFN

subframes for NR)

– Forward compatibility towards unlicensed spectrum

operation

Slot aggregation is supported

• Data transmission can be scheduled to span one or

multiple slots
5G Slot Format
5G Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic prefix (CP) refers to the prefixing of a symbol, with a repetition of the end In OFDM wireless systems. The receiver is typically
configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples. CP  can be used to counter the effects of multipath propagation.

Radio channel between the base station and UE introduces delay spread in the time domain. This delay spread is generated by the transmitted signal reaching the
receiver from multiple paths which have different distances environment, terrain, and clutter result in different delays.

Delay spread of the received signal pulse caused by multi-path is the difference between the maximum transmission latency in largest path and the minimum
transmission latency in shorted path. The latency varies with the varies with the environment, terrain, and clutter, and does not have an absolute mapping
relationship with the cell radius. This multi path delay spread can cause following:
•Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), which severely affects the transmission quality of digital signals
•Inter-Channel Interference (ICI), the orthogonality of the subcarriers in the OFDM system is damaged, which affects the demodulation on the receive side

Guard Period: To avoid Inter Symbol Interference a guard period can be inserted between OFDM symbols in the form of Cyclic Prefix. This guard period
provides a time window for the delay spread components belonging to the previous symbol to arrive before the start of the next symbol. The guard period could
be a period of discontinuous transmission or could be a transmission of anything else. The length (Tg) of the guard period is generally greater than the maximum
delay over the radio channel

Cyclic Prefix: CP can be inserted in the guard interval to reduce ICI. Replicating a sampling point following each OFDM symbol to the front of the OFDM
symbol. This ensures that the number of waveform periods included in a latency copy of the OFDM symbol is an integer in an FFT period, which guarantees sub
carrier orthogonality. Copying the end of the payload and transmitting as the cyclic prefix ensures that there is a ‘circular’ convolution between the transmitted
signal and the channel  response. This allows the receiver to apply a simple multiplication to capture the energy from all delayed components. If a ‘circular’
convolution was not completed then the receiver would experience ICI when completing the frequency domain multiplication

Key Factors to Determining CP Length

Multi path Delay: The multiple path and CP length is directly proportional. The larger the multipath delay, requires longer Cyclic Prefix
Length of OFDM Symbol: Given the same OFDM symbol length, a longer CP can be  a large system overhead, so to control over overhead the length of CP
shall be selected as appropriate.
5G Cyclic Prefix
CP Design in 5G NR
The basic design of CP in NR is similar to LTE and same overhead as that in LTE. CP design ensure that it aligned symbols between different
SCS values and the reference numerology (15 kHz). For example, µ=15 khz a single slot have about 7 symbols resides in 0.5 mili seconds
including the CPs for each symbols and µ=30 khz a single slot have about 14 symbols including CPs for each symbols within same 0.5 milli
sec. So here the length of CP is adapted based on subcarrier spacing (fsc).

Properties of CP in 5G NR
•3GPP has specified two types of CPs, Normal Cyclic Prefix (NCP) and Extended Cyclic Prefix (ECP).
•The NCP is specified for all subcarrier spacing
•ECP is currently only specified for the 60 kHz subcarrier spacing.
•If normal CP (NCP) is used, the CP of the first symbol present every 0.5 ms is longer than that of other symbols
•Cyclic prefix durations decrease as the subcarrier spacing increases
5G NR Resource Block Definition and RBs Calculation
One NR Resource Block (RB) contains 14 symbols in time domain and 12 sub-carriers in frequency domain similar to LTE. In LTE
resource block bandwidth is fixed to 180 KHz but in NR it is not fixed and depend on sub-carrier spacing.

A 5G resource block is defined as 12 subcarriers in frequency domain

The NR is expected to work with 100 MHz channel bandwidth for

lower bands < 6 GHz and 400 MHz channel bandwidth higher
bands in mmWave ranges. NR is designed to provide higher
bandwidth efficiency reaching to 99% which was about 90% in
LTE (10% was wasted in guard band). Another different the NR has
w.r.t. LTE is that it does not reserved any D.C. sub-carrier for up-
link and down-link.

Each numerology has defined minimum and maximum number of

resource block and having knowledge of one resource block
bandwidth one can calculate minimum and maximum channel
bandwidth.

Table in the left shows the same calculation for minimum and
maximum channel bandwidth consider lower band and higher
band. The bandwidths shown here includes the guard band
bandwidth also.

For 15 Khz-Minimum channel bandwidth=24*15*12=4.32 Mhz

For 15 Khz-Minimum channel bandwidth=275*15*12=49.5 Mhz
5G NR Resource Block Definition and RBs Calculation
Maximum Number of Resource Block after Guard band
3GPP 38.101 has specified maximum transmission bandwidth configuration for each UE channel and sub-carrier spacing provided in below table. The resource
block number shown are after removing guard band from channel bandwidth and maximum bandwidth considered is 50MHz/100 MHz
5G-NR Cell: Physical Cell
IDalso has synchronization signal and known as Primary Synchronization signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization
Like LTE, 5G NR
signal (SSS). These signals are specific to NR physical layer and provides following information required by UE for downlink
synchronization.

•PSS provides Radio Frame Boundary ( Position of 1 st Symbol in a Radio frame)
•SSS provides Subframe Boundary (Position of 1st Symbol in a Subframe)
•Physical Layer Cell ID (PCI) information using both PSS and SSS

Physical Layer Cell ID

In 5G New Radio, there are 1008 unique physical-layer cell identities and it is given by

where
•N (1) ID = Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) and its range is from {0,
1….335}
•N (2) ID = Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and its range is from {0, 1, 2}
Physical Cell ID (PCI) Calculation:
For example a 5G-NR cell has SSS value as 303 and PSS value as 1 then Physical
Cell ID will be
3 x 303 + 1 = 909 + 1= 910
5G New Radio Throughput Capabilities
The primary reason for computing this value is to get a rough estimate about the upper bound on the throughput that the system can
provide. It is often used in the early phase of any system design to estimate its possible performance. Moreover, it is a very important
metric for checking the performance of any 5G system. According to 3GPP TS 38.306, the approximate maximum data transfer rate is
calculated using the following equation:

Let us take an example to calculate throughput for

numerology= 0, 50 MHz (BW), 15 KHz (SCS)
BW: 50MHz
J: 1 (Carrier Component)
MIMO: 4x4
Modulation: 256 QAM=8 bits
Scaling factor: 1
Rmax: 948/1024
Maximum PRB: 270

μ: Numerology=0 Overhead: 0.14

Data Rate = 0.000001*4*8*1*(948/1024)*(270*12/Ts)*(1-0.14)

= 1155.6594 Mbps
= 1156 Mbps
= 1.16 Gbps
BANDS
5G NR Frequency Definition (3GPP TS 38.104 )
As per 3GPP release 15 , these frequency bands are designated for different frequency ranges (FR) and current specification (Release)
defines them as FR1 and FR2. Below table shows the corresponding frequency range for each FR.

Frequency Range Corresponding Frequency Range

Designation

FR1 410 MHz – 7125 MHz

FR2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz

3GPP R15 New define 5G NR Frequency: 5G NR Reuse exists Frequency:
NR Band Frequency Range Duplex Mode NR Band Frequency Range-UL Frequency Range-DL Duplex Mode

n75(FR1) 1432-1517MHz SDL N1(FR1) 1920-1980MHz 2110-2170MHz FDD

n2(FR1) 1850-1910MHz 1930-1990MHz FDD

n76(FR1) 1427-1432MHz SDL
n3(FR1) 1710-1785MHz 1805-1880MHz FDD
n77(FR1) 3.3-4.2GHz TDD
n5(FR1) 824-849MHz 869-894MHz FDD
n78(FR1) 3.3-3.8GHz TDD n7(FR1) 2500-2570MHz 2620-2690MHz FDD
n79(FR1) 4.4-5.0GHz TDD n8(FR1) 880-915MHz 925-960MHz FDD
n2(FR1) 832-862MHz 791-821MHz FDD
n80(FR1) 1710-1785MHz SUL
n28(FR1) 703-748MHz 758-803MHz FDD
n81(FR1) 880-915MHz SUL
n38(FR1) 2570-2620MHz 2570-2620MHz TDD
n82(FR1) 832-862MHz SUL n41(FR1) 2496-2690MHz 2496-2690MHz TDD
n83(FR1) 703-748MHz SUL n50(FR1) 1432-1517MHz 1432-1517MHz TDD

n84(FR1) 1920-1980MHz SUL n51(FR1) 1427-1432MHz 1427-1432MHz TDD

n66(FR1) 1710-1780MHz 2110-2200MHz FDD
N257(FR2) 26.5-29.5GHz TDD
n70(FR1) 1695-1710MHz 1995-2020MHz FDD
N258(FR2) 24.25-27.5GHz TDD
n71(FR1) 663-698MHz 617-652MHz FDD
N260(FR2) 37-40GHz TDD n74(FR1) 1427-1470MHz 1475-1518MHz FDD

Sub6GHz single carrier bandwidth: 5MHz, 10MHz,15MHz, …100MHz SUL ： Supplementary Uplink
mmWave bandwidth: 50MHz, 100MHz, 200MHz, 400MHz SDL ： Supplementary Downink
5G NR (NEW RADIO) Mm Wave

5G networks can be built in different ways from multiple bands of wavelength spectrum: low-band, mid-band, and high-band.

High-band millimeter wave frequencies have greater bandwidth available to carry more data in dense urban areas but require cell sites to be in
close proximity and have limited penetration in buildings. Mid-band balances speed and range, providing broader coverage than high-band. And
it’s less impacted by buildings. However, much of its bandwidth is already in use, so there’s not a lot available for 5G growth. Low-band, like
our powerful 600MHz spectrum, travels farther than other bands—over hundreds of square miles—and can pass through more obstacles,
providing a better, more reliable signal both indoors and out.
5G NR Deployment
Options
Option 3 Option 3a Option 3x
Option 3/3A/3X-ENDC(E-UTRA-New Radio
EPC EPC EPC
Dual Connectivity), eNB is working as Master
S1-C S1-U S1-C S1-U S1-U S1-C S1-U S1-U (MeNB) and gNB is working as Secondary (SgNB),
and they are both connected to EPC
LTE NR LTE NR LTE NR

Option 7 Option 7a Option 7x

5GC 5GC 5GC

NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-U

•Option 4 (4/4a) family or NE-DC (Next
eLTE NR eLTE NR eLTE NR Generation – E-UTRA Dual Connectivity): gNB is
working as Master (MgNB) and eNB is working as
Secondary (SeNB), and they are both connected
to 5G Core
Option 4 Option 4a
5GC 5GC

NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U

Option 7 (7/7a/7x) family or NGEN-DC (Next
Generation E-UTRA – New Radio Dual eLTE NR eLTE NR
Connectivity): eNB is working as Master (MeNB)
and gNB is working as Secondary (SgNB), and both Option 2
are connected to 5G Core 5GC
NG-C NG-U

NR

CP Anchor UP Split
5G NR Dual Connectivity
What is MR-DC?

MR-DC stands for Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity.

UEs which support multiple Tx/Rx can be configured to utilize resources from two different nodes. One of these nodes could provide NR access and the other
one could provide either E-UTRA or NR access. One node will act as the Master Node (MN) and the other as the Secondary Node (SN).

MR-DC with the EPC (legacy LTE Core):

Legacy LTE (E-UTRAN) supports MR-DC through EN-DC (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity).

1) EN-DC

DUT (device) shall connect to one eNB that is acting as a master-node (MN) and one en-gNB acting as a secondary-node (SN). The master-node (eNB)
would be connected to the EPC via the S1 interface and to the secondary-node (en-gNB) via the X2 interface.

Note: en-gNB could also be connected to the EPC via the S1-U interface and other en-gNBs via the X2-U interface
5G NR Dual Connectivity
MR-DC with the 5GC (5G core):

This dual connectivity can be supported only when operator already has 5G core.
The possible MR-DC options are mentioned below:

1) NGEN-DC
In this MR-DC, NG-RAN supports NG-RAN/ E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity.
In this dual connectivity, device (DUT) is connected to one ng-eNB which acts as a master-node and one gNB which acts as a secondary-node.

Here master-node (ng-eNB) shall connect with the 5GC and secondary-node (gNB) shall connect with ng-eNB via Xn interface.

2) NE-DC
In this MR-DC, NG-RAN supports NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity.
In this dual connectivity, device (DUT) is connected to one gNB which acts as a master-node and one ng-eNB which acts as a secondary-node.

Here master-node (gNB) shall connect with the 5GC and secondary-node (ng-eNB) shall connect with gNB via Xn interface

3) NR-DC
In this MR-DC, NG-RAN supports NR-NR Dual Connectivity.
In this dual connectivity, device (DUT) is connected to one gNB which acts as a master-node and another gNB which acts as a secondary-node.

Here master-node (gNB) shall connect with the 5GC via NG interface and Secondary-node (gNB) shall connect with master gNB via Xn
interface.

Note: The second gNB could also be connected to the 5GC via the NG-U interface
 Q/A
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