BY

R.KARTHIKEYAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
MEENAAKSHI RAMASAMY ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
THATHANUR
 Unit I
Overview and Physical Layer: Introduction: Data Communications - Networks -
Network Types, Network Models: TCP/IP Protocol Suite- The OSI Model,
Bandwidth utilization : Multiplexing- Spread Spectrum, Transmission Media:
Guided Media-Unguided Media, Switching: Circuit Switched Network-Packet
Switching-Structure of a switch
 Unit III
Network Layer Services : Packet Switching- Network layer performance- IPV4
Addresses- Internet Protocol-Routing Algorithms - IPV6 Addressing
 Unit V
Application Layers : Client Server Programming - Word Wide Web & HTTP -
FTP - Email - DNS
 Data Communication
 Networks
 Data: information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data.
 Data Communication: exchange of data between
two devices via transmission medium (wire cable /
link).
 Data Communication System: Made up of a
combination of hardware (physical equipment) and
software (programs) to facilitate for effective
communication of data.
 5 Components of a Data
Communication System

Protocol: is a set of rules that governs data communications.

It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices. Without a protocol two devices may be connected
but not communicating.
 Delivery : System must deliver data to correct
destination. Data must be received by only
intended device or user.

 Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately

 Timeliness: the system must deliver data in a

timely manner. Data delivered later are useless.

 Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time. It is the

uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video
packets.
 Path taken by data within a device, network, or
organization, as it moves from its source to its
destination (a data repository or a data user).

 Categorized by direction of flow:

 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex
• Communication is unidirectional, one of
the two devices on a link can transmit; the
other can only receive (one-way street).
• Ex: keyboard (input), monitors (output)
Each station can both transmit and receive ,
but not at the same time. When one device
is sending the other can receive and vice
versa. (one-lane road with two direction).
 • Both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously. (two way street with traffic
flowing in both directions at the same time).
• Ex: telephone network.

Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link in

two ways:
Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission
paths one for sending and other for receiving.
Capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both
direction
 A network is a set of devices (often referred
to as nodes) connected by communication
links.
 A node can be a host (such as a computer, a
laptop, a smart phone etc.) or a network
device (such as a switch, a router, etc.).
 A link is a communication pathway that
transfer data from one device to another.
 A network must be able to meet a
certain number of criteria.
 Performance
 Reliability

 Security
Figure 1-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

 Can be measured in many ways!
 Transmit time: the amount of time
required for a message to travel from one
device to another.
 Response time: the elapsed time between
an inquiry and a response.
 Often evaluated by two networking
metrics: throughput and delay.
 Throughput is an important network metric which
is also known as bandwidth.
 The bandwidth of a network is given by the
number of bits that can be transmitted over the
network in a certain period of time.
 Depends on the network technology (hardware
capabilities) and therefore is constant.
Throughput Example:
 A network might have a bandwidth of 10 million
bits/second (Mbps), meaning that it is able to
deliver 10 million bits every second.
 Also known as latency.
 corresponds to how long it takes a
message to travel from one end of a
network to the other.
 Latency is measured strictly in terms of
time.
 Effected by number of users and hence
may change from time to time.
 A transcontinental network might have a
latency of 24 milliseconds (ms); that is, it
takes a message 24 ms to travel from one
end of North America to the other.
 Type of transmission media,
 Capabilities of connected H.W and the
efficiency of software.
 Number of user
 A network must be able to meet a
certain number of criteria.
 Performance
 Reliability

 Security
 Accuracy of delivery.
 Measured by:
 Frequency of failures
 Time it takes to recover from a failure
 The network’s robustness in a
catastrophe.
 Many issues at the different layers!
 Examples:
 Protecting data from unauthorized access.
 Protecting data from damage.
 Implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.
 There are a number of ways that
computers can be connected together to
form networks.
 Physical attributes of a network
include:
 Type of connection
 Physical topology
 For communication to occure, two devices must
be connected in someway to the same link at the
same time.
 Two possible connections:
 Point-to-point
 Multipoint
1. Point –to-point
Dedicated link between two devices. Most of them uses an
actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends but
other options ,such as microwave satellite are possible.
2. Multipoint
Is one in which more than two specific devices share a
single link
 Each node needs one interface for each link.

point-to-point(a)

multiple-access(b)

Geographical coverage and scalability are limited.

1/18/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 30

 Physical attributes of a network include:
 Type of connection
 Physical topology
 Two or more links for a topology.
 The topology of a network refers to the
geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices (nodes) to one another.
 The term physical topology refers to the
way in which a network is laid out
physically.
 The way in which a network is laid out physically.
 Every device has a dedicated point-to-point
link with every other device on the network.

• How many links do we need in a network

with N nodes?
– Half duplex
- Full duplex
• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other devices
• Fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical
connection to link n devices.
• Every device on the network must have n-1 input/output
(I/O) ports
 Privacy or security (every message travels
along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it. Physical boundaries
prevents other user from gaining access
the message
 eliminating the traffic problems The use
of dedicated links guarantees that each
connection can carry its own data load;
that can occur when links must be shared
by multiple devices.
 A mesh is robust. If one link becomes
unusable, it does not incapacitate the
entire system.
 Fault identification and fault isolation
easy. This enables the network manager to
discover the precise location of fault and
aids in finding its cause and solution.
Related to the amount of cabling devices and
the amount of I/O ports required:
 Every device must be connected to every other
device, installation and reconnection are
difficult
 The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than
the available space can accommodate.
 The H.W required to connect each link (I/O ports
and cable) expensive.
So a mesh topology is usually implemented
in a limited fashion( as a backbone
connecting the main computers of a
hybrid network that can include several
other topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a
central controller (hub)
Unlike a mesh , a star topology does not allow direct traffic
between devices, if one device want to send data to another ,
it send it to the hub, which send it to other device
 The star pattern connects
everything to a host computer,
a network switch, or a
network hub, which handles
the network tasks.
 All communications
between computers
go through the
host/switch/hub.
1.Easy to install and reconfigure and
less expensive
 each device need only one link and I/O
port to connect it to any other devices.)
2.Robustness:
 if one link fails, only that link affected
and other links remain active.
3.identification and fault isolation
 The dependency of the whole topology on
one single point, the hub. If the hub goes
down, the whole system is dead.
- Not every device plugs directly into the central
hub. The majority of devices connect to
secondary hub that in turn is connected to the
central hub.
The advantages and disadvantages of tree
topology are generally the same as those of star .
- The addition of secondary hubs bring more
advantage: allows for more devices to be attached
to a single central hub, therefore increase the
distance a signal can travel between devices.
•Multipoint connection. Acts as a backbone to
link all the devices in a network.
 The bus pattern connects the computer to the
same communications line. Communications
goes both directions along the line. All the
computers can communicate with each other
without having to go through the server.
There is a limit on the number of taps a
bus can support and on the distance
between those taps
• As a signal travels along the backbone, it
becomes weaker
 Ease of instulation, use less cabling than
mesh or star.
-
1. A fault in bus cable (break) stops all
transmissions even between devices on the
same side of the problem. The damaged area
reflects signals back the direction of origin,
creating noise in both directions
2. Reconnection
It can difficult to add new devices (adding
more require modification or replacement of
the backbone).
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection only with the two devices on
either side of it
• A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction from device until it reaches its
destination.
 The ring pattern
connects the
computers and other
devices one to the
other in a circle.
 There is no central
host computer that
holds all the data.
 Communication flows
in one direction around
the ring.
Each device in the ring incorporate as repeater
Repeater :regenerates the signal
 it receives a weakened signal, creates a copy,
bit for bit, at the original strength
Advantages:
 Easy to install and reconfigure.
Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or
delete a device requires hanging only 2 connections
 Fault isolation is simplified :
A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not
receive a signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The
alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location
Disadvantages
 Unidirectional traffic.
A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire
network. This can be solved by use dual ring
 Easy to install and reconfigure.
Each device is linked only to its immediate
neighbors. To add or delete a device requires
hanging only 2 connections
 Fault isolation is simplified :
A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one
device does not receive a signal within specified
period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the
network operator to the problem and its location
 Unidirectional traffic.
A break in the ring (such as disabled
station) can disable the entire network.
This can be solved by use dual ring
 Computer networks are created by different
entities.
 Standards are needed so that these
heterogeneous networks can communicate.
 The two most know standards:
 OSI model: defines a seven layer network.
 Internet model: defines a five layer network.
Network category is determined by its size,
ownership, the distance it cover and its
physical architecture.
Used in business environments, links a
workgroup of task-related computer.
 Privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building or campus
 LANs designed to allow resources to be
shared between PCs or workstations. The
resources may be H.W (e.g. printer) or S.W
(applications program) or data.
 In LANs one of the computers has a large
capacity drive and becomes a server to other
clients.
 S/W stored on server and used as needed by
the whole group.
 LAN size determined by licensing restrictions
(no of users per copy of S/W)
 LAN use only one type of transmission
medium.
 The most common LAN topologies are bus,
ring and star.
 Traditionally LAN have data rates in the 4 to
16 Mbps. Today Speed can reach to 100Mbps
or 1000MBps(1G).
 Owned by private company or it may be a
service provided by public company
( such as local tel.-company)
 Extended over an entire city.
 May be single network such as a cable
television network, or it may be
connected number of LANs into a large
network so that resources may be shared
LAN-TO- LAN.
 Examples:
 Company can use MAN to connect
the LANs in all its offices throughout
the city.
 A part of the telephone line network
that can provide DSL line to the
customer
 Provides long distance transmission of data, voice , image
and video information over large areas ( country or whole
world)
 In contrast to LAN, WAN may utilize public or private
communication equipments or combination.