Chapter 4: ‘Algae’

Volvox
 Reading:
- Read lab manual chapter 4

- Pages 89 - 118
 Seven Eukaryotic Lineages
1. Excavata
2. Alveolata
3. Stramenopila
4. Rhizaria
5. Archaeplastida
6. Amoebozoa
7. Opisthokonta

Ch 3, p 65
 What are ‘Algae’?
- Very diverse
- Polyphyletic & paraphyletic group
- Photosynthetic eukaryotes
- Most are aquatic
- All have chlorophyll a
- Vary in secondary pigments
- Three types of lifecycles:
- Gametic, zygotic, sporic
Terms to know for understanding lifecycles
- Haploid
- Diploid
- Gametes
- Fertilization
- Zygote
- Meiosis
- Mitosis
- Isogamous
- Anisogamous
- Isomorphic
- Heteromorphic
Gametic Lifecycle
Gametic Lifecycle
Gametic Lifecycle
Gametic Lifecycle
 Gametic Lifecycle

Gametic

Some brown algae, diatoms

Parents (2N) produce

gametes (N) by meiosis
Zygotic Lifecycle
Zygotic Lifecycle
Zygotic Lifecycle
 Zygotic Lifecycle

Zygotic
Dinoflagellets

Parents/cells(N) produce
gametes by mitosis(N)

Zygote (2N) undergoes

meiosis
Sporic Lifecycle
spores

meiosis

gametophyte
individuals
N

sporophyte
individual
2N gametes N

fertilization

zygote 2N
Sporic Lifecycle
spores

meiosis

gametophyte
individuals
N

sporophyte
individual
2N gametes N

fertilization

zygote 2N
Sporic Lifecycle
spores

meiosis

gametophyte
individuals
N

sporophyte
individual
2N gametes N

fertilization

zygote 2N
Sporic Lifecycle
spores

meiosis

gametophyte
individuals
N

sporophyte
individual
2N gametes N

fertilization

zygote 2N
 Sporic Lifecycle
Sporic
spores
Some brown & green algae

Alternation of Generations meiosis

Sporophyte gametophyte
individuals
Gametophyte
N

sporophyte
individual
2N gametes N

fertilization

zygote 2N
 Lifecycle Summary
Gameti
Zygotic Sporic
c
Individual (2n) Individual (n) Individual (2n)

Meiosis to create Mitosis to create Meiosis to create

gametes (n) gametes (n) spores (n)

Two gametes
Gametes
combine, form Spores become
combine to form
new individual individuals (n)
zygote (2n)
(2n)

Mitosis to create
Zygote undergoes
gametes (n),
meiosis to form
combine into
new individual (n)
zygote (2n)
Specimens!
Lineage Excavata
Phylum Euglenida, Genus Euglena
Lineage Alveolata
Phylum Dinoflagellata
Lineage Stramenopila
Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

Pennate

Centric
Diatom Art
 Phylum Phaeophyta

Laminaria Egregia menziesii

/bladder

The Brown Algae

Macrocystis pyrifera
Lineage Archaeplastida
 Phylum Rhodophyta
5 Morphologies

Callithamnion, filamentous

The Red Algae Plocamium, a more

filamentous and highly
branched specimen
 Phylum Rhodophyta
5 Morphologies

Porolithon, encrusting coralline Bossiella, jointed coralline

The Red Algae

Mastocarpus,
foliaceous
 Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’

Ulva Acrosiphonia

The Green Algae

Codium
Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’
Gonium The Green Algae
Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’
Chlamydomonas The Green Algae
Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’
Pandorina The Green Algae
Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’
Volvox The Green Algae
Time for an Experiment!
 Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH)

Species richness (number of species) will be highest when
ecological disturbance is intermediate

- High disturbance = not many species can immediately survive

and establish themselves
- Low disturbance = one or two species establish and become
dominant, preventing other species from establishing
themselves and surviving
 Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds

- Pages 115 – 118

- Watch “Pond Experiment Video with Stephanie” for context
- 3 slide types
A: No disturbance
B: Intermediate disturbance
C: High disturbance
- View and observe different morphospecies on each slide
type
 Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds

A No disturbance

B Some disturbance

C High disturbance
Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds
 Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds
- A hypothesis is a prediction that is made based on
limited evidence as a basis for further investigation
- What’s your hypothesis?
- Based on the IDH, on which slide type (A, B, or C)
will we see high species richness? Low species
richness?
 Pond Study at the CSUN Ponds
- Lab report due on Canvas!
- You’ll need access to Microsoft Excel
- You’ll perform simple calculations using the data
provided and graph + interpret results
- Navigate to assignment for more detailed directions
 Statistics!
• Mean: average of all data points
Excel: =AVERAGE()
Sum of all data points/# of data points
•
Mean
Always start with an = to let Excel know that you want to write a formula
• Begin typing the word AVERAGE, and you’ll see the suggestion pop up—click on the word
AVERAGE
 Mean
• Highlight the numbers that you want to find the average of in order to let Excel know
which numbers to use
 Mean
• Click Enter, and you’re done!
 Statistics!
• Mean: average of all data points
Excel: =AVERAGE()
Sum of all data points/# of data points
• Standard deviation: how spread out your data points are
Excel: =STDEV()
 Standard Deviation
• Begin typing standard deviation, and you will see STDEV.S or STDEV pop up. You can
use either; they are equivalent.
 Standard Deviation
• Highlight the numbers you would like to take the standard deviation of, and click
Enter
 Statistics!
• Mean: average of all data points
Excel: =AVERAGE()
Sum of all data points/# of data points
• Standard deviation: how spread out your data points are
Excel: =STDEV()

• Sample size: n
Excel: =COUNT()
Number of data points in your sample
 Sample Size
• Always begin with the = sign, then type the function you would like to use. In this
case, the COUNT function
 Sample Size
• Always begin with the = sign, then type the function you would like to use. In this
case, the COUNT function. Highlight the numbers you would to count, then click
Enter
 Statistics!
• Mean: average of all data points
Excel: =AVERAGE()
Sum of all data points/# of data points
• Standard deviation: how spread out your data points are
Excel: =STDEV()

• Sample size: n
Excel: =COUNT()
Number of data points in your sample
• Standard error: How close your estimated mean is to the actual mean
Excel: =STDEV/SQRT(n)
Incorporates sample size and standard deviation
 Standard Error
• There is no function for standard error, so we must write out the formula for standard error
ourselves
• Begin by selecting the value that you calculated previously for the standard deviation
 Standard Error
• Include a forward slash to indicate division
• Type SQRT, and click on the SQRT function suggestion
 Standard Error
• Click on the value that you calculated for the sample size
• You’re done! Click Enter
 Standard Error
• And there’s your standard error
 Statistics!
• Mean: average of all data points
Excel: =AVERAGE()
Sum of all data points/# of data points
• Standard deviation: how spread out your data points are
Excel: =STDEV()
No overlap

• Sample size: n
Excel: =COUNT()
Number of data points in your sample
• Standard error: How close your estimated mean is to the actual mean
Excel: =STDEV/SQRT(n)
Incorporates sample size and standard deviation
• IN THIS CLASS: we will believe there is a significant difference
between two measures if the error bars (SE) do not overlap
 Statistics!
Watch “How to Use Excel Video with Shaun”
posted on Canvas under Week 4 for further
instruction on creating a graph and adding
error bars

Make sure you know how to add CUSTOM

error bars, NOT Excel’s default error bars
• Lineage Excavata
– Phylum Euglenida
• Euglena
• Lineage Alveolata
– Phylum Dinoflagellata
Chapter 4 Specimens
• Dinoflagellates
• Lineage Stramenopila
– Phylum Bacillariophyta
• Diatoms
– Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown algae)
• Observe various examples
• Lineage Archaeplastida
– Phylum Rhodophyta (Red algae)
• 5 morphologies
– Phylum ‘Chlorophyta’ (Green algae)
• Various example genera like Ulva & Codium
• Microscopic genera
– Chlamydomona
– Gonium
– Pandorina
– Volvox
Thanks for watching!