CHAPTER - 6

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

TOPICS 1 - EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TOPICS 2 - TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
TOPICS 3 - TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Surendra K. Karmacharya
1
 SYLLABUS
S. No. Topics S. No. Topics
1 Evolution of telecommunications, 13 Packet, Message and circuit switching,
2 Telecommunication network, 14 X.25 Protocol, Frame relay,
3 Transmission media, 15 TCP/IP Protocol, OSI layers,
4 transmission lines, 16 Telephony, Functions of switching
electromechanical switches, Stored
5 characteristic impedance, 17
Programmed Controlled switch,
6 Return loss, 18 TS/ST/TST/STS switching, No 5 and No 7
signaling,
7 transformer and hybrid circuit, 19 ISDN, BISDN, ATM, PDH/SDH, DSL

8 signal and noise measurements, 20 Numbering, Routing and charging plans.

Introduction to IN(Intelligent Network), .

9 echo & singing, 21 Real time protocol, Voice over IP, IP/PSTN
Platform,
space/time/frequency/wave length UMTS, IMT-2000, NGN (Next Generation
10 22
division multiplexing, Network), MPLS,
basics of GIS (Geographical Information
11 Erlang B formula, Queuing theorem, 23 System)
Data communication and computer
12 24 Radar system, Navigational systems, 2
networking basics,
TELECOMMUNICATION DEFINITION
 Transmissionof signals over a distance for the
purpose of communication.
 The word telecommunication is adapted from a French
word. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning
'far off', and communication, meaning 'to transfer
information'.
3 parts:
 Transmitter
 Medium
 Receiver
1. History and evolution of telecommunications
 Use of light, smoke and flag (206 BC – 24 AD)
 Optical telegraph (Claude Chappe, 1794)
 Invention of Battery by Alessandro Volta in 1799
 Demonstration of Electromagnetic Induction (Michael Faraday, 1831)
 Invention of Electric telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837
 Theoretical foundations for electromagnetic fields (James C. Maxwell,
1864)
 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876
 Electrical transmission through space (Heinrich Hertz, 1886)
 Demonstration of Wireless telegraphy (Guglielmo Marconi, 1895)
 First Commercial Wireless Transatlantic Connections set up in 1907
 First commercial radio station started in 1920 from Pittsburgh
 Discovery of short wave transmission by Marconi in 1920
 John L. Baird transmitted TV across the transatlantic and demonstrated
colour TV in 1932
 Invention of Frequency Modulation in 1933 by Edwin H. Armstrong
 Commercial television broadcasting began in London in 1936 by the BBC 4
 In 1946, the first public mobile telephone service was introduced in major
American cities with single high powered transmitter and large tower in
order to cover distances of over 50 km utilizing the early FM push to talk
telephone systems of the late 1940s used 120 KHz of RF bandwidth in a
half duplex mode
 The invention of the transistor in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen
and William Shockley, the integrated circuit in 1958 by Jack Kibby and
Robert Noyce have made possible the development of small size, low-
power, low-weight, and high-speed electronic circuits which are used in the
construction of satellite communications sytems
 The first wireless communication network was the analog A-Netz from
Germany in 1958, using carrier frequency of 160 MHz
 A satellite named Telstar I was launched in 1962 and used to relay TV
signals between Europe and United States
 Commercial satellite communication services began in 1965 with the
launching of the INTELSAT 1 (International Telecommunications Satellite
Organization) also known as Early Bird satellite. It was in service for one
and half years and offered 240 duplex telephone channels.
 Three MARISAT satellites went into operation in 1976 which offered
worldwide maritime communication.
 The first mobile satellite telephone system, INMARSAT-A (International 5
Maritime Satellite Organisation) was introduced in 1982.
 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

 Subscribers all over the world cannot be connected to a single

switching system (SS).
 The major part of the telecommunication networks is still ground
based, where subscribers are connected to the switching systems via
copper wires.
 Technological and engineering constraints of signal transfer on a pair
of wires necessitate that the subscribers be located within a few
kilometers from the switching system.
 For subscribers in different localities to communicate, it is necessary
that the switching systems of those area need to be
interconnected in the form of a network . Figure given below
shows a telecommunication network.
 The links that run between the switching systems are called Trunks. 6
2. A TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

Subscriber Lines Subscriber Lines

.... ....

SS1 SS2

Trunks

Trunks

SS3 SS4

.... ....
Subscriber Lines Subscriber Lines
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A TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

 The links that run between the switching systems are

called Trunks, and those that run to the subscriber
premises are known as Subscriber Lines.
 A modern telecommunication network may be viewed as
an aggregate of a large number of point to point
electrical or optical communication systems.

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AN ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Original
Signal T - Transducer Reproduced
ES - Electrical Signal Signal
SC - Signal Conditioner
CI - Channel Interface
T T

ES ES

SC SC
Noise

CI CI

Free Space / Copper Cable /Satellite

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AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
T - Transducer
ES - Electrical Signal
Original SignalSC - Signal Conditioner Reproduced
CI - Channel Interface Signal
EOC - Electrical to Optical Converter
OEC - Optical to Electrical Converter
T T

ES ES

SC SC
Noise

EOC OEC

CI CI

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Free Space / Optical Cable
3. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
OVERVIEW
 Guided - wire
 Unguided - wireless

 Characteristics and quality determined by medium and

signal
 For guided, the medium is more important

 For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is

more important
 Key concerns are data rate and distance
DESIGN FACTORS
 Bandwidth
 Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
 Transmission impairments
 Attenuation

 Interference
 Number of receivers
 In
guided media
 More receivers (multi-point) introduce more attenuation
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial cable

 Optical fiber
 TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF
GUIDED MEDIA
 

  Frequency Typical Typical Repeater

Range Attenuation Delay Spacing
Twisted pair 0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 50 µs/km 2 km
(with loading) 1 kHz

Twisted pairs 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 5 µs/km 2 km

(multi-pair 1 kHz
cables)
Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
MHz
Optical fiber 186 to 370 0.2 to 0.5 5 µs/km 40 km
THz dB/km
TWISTED PAIR
TWISTED PAIR - APPLICATIONS
 Most common medium
 Telephone network
 Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
 Within buildings
 To private branch exchange (PBX)
 For local area networks (LAN)
 10Mbps or 100Mbps
TWISTED PAIR - PROS AND CONS
 Cheap
 Easy to work with

 Low data rate

 Short range
TWISTED PAIR - TRANSMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS
 Analog
 Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
 Digital
 Use either analog or digital signals
 repeater every 2km or 3km

 Limited distance
 Limited bandwidth (1MHz)

 Limited data rate (100MHz)

 Susceptible to interference and noise

NEAR END CROSSTALK
 Coupling of signal from one pair to another
 Coupling takes place when transmit signal entering the
link couples back to receiving pair
 i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near receiving
pair
 The twisting tends to decrease the crosstalk interference
between adjacent pairs in a cable.
 Neighboring pairs in a bundle typically have somewhat
different twist lengths to reduce the crosstalk
interference.
 The twist length typically varies from 5 to 15 cm.
UNSHIELDED AND SHIELDED TP
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Ordinary telephone wire
 Cheapest
 Easiest to install
 Suffers from external EM interference

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 Metalbraid or sheathing that reduces interference
 More expensive
 Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
COAXIAL CABLE
COAXIAL CABLE APPLICATIONS
 Most versatile medium
 Television distribution
 Arielto TV
 Cable TV

 Long distance telephone transmission

 Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
 Being replaced by fiber optic

 Short distance computer systems links

 Local area networks
OPTICAL FIBER
OPTICAL FIBER - BENEFITS
 Greater capacity
 Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
 Smaller size & weight
 Lower attenuation

 Electromagnetic isolation

 Greater repeater spacing

 10s of km at least
OPTICAL FIBER - APPLICATIONS
 Long-haul trunks
 Metropolitan trunks

 Rural exchange trunks

 Subscriber loops

 LANs
 FREQUENCY UTILIZATION FOR FIBER
APPLICATIONS
Wavelength (in Frequency Band Fiber type Application
vacuum) range range (THz) label
(nm)

820 to 900 366 to 333   Multimode LAN

1280 to 1350 234 to 222 S Single mode Various

1528 to 1561 196 to 192 C Single mode WDM

1561 to 1620 185 to 192 L Single mode WDM

DIFFERENT BANDS
Band Descriptor Range (nm)
O band Original 1260 to 1360
E band Extended 1360 to 1460
S band Short wavelength 1460 to 1530

C band Conventional 1530 to 1565

L band Long wavelength 1565 to 1625

U band Ultralong wavelength 1625 to 1675

The most commonly used of these bands are the O and C

bands.  The O band (1300 nm on Multimode or 1310 nm on
SingleMode) and the C band (1550 nm on Single Mode fiber).  
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ATTENUATION IN GUIDED MEDIA
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
FREQUENCIES
 2GHz to 40GHz
 Microwave
 Highly directional
 Point to point
 Satellite
 30MHz to 1GHz
 Omnidirectional
 Broadcast radio
 3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014
 Infrared
 Local
SATELLITE POINT TO POINT LINK
SATELLITE BROADCAST LINK
Band, Frequency Range, Propagation Mode, and Application

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