STUDY ON COMMERCIAL COMPLEX

▪ABINA PHOJU(203)
▪AMAN MANADHAR(204)
▪ANISH SHRESTHA(206)
▪MANISHA SHRESTHA(218)
▪MEGHA SHAH(219)
▪RAISHA MAHARJAN(223)
 LITERATURE REVIEW ON:
• INTRODUCTION
• DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
• STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
• SAFETY ISSUES
• SERVICES AND FACILITIES
• ENVIRONMENT
• ENERGY CONSIDERATION
 COMMERCIAL COMPLEX:
⮚ Commercial focal point of city , nation or region.

⮚ Entertainment destination and a place of relaxation.

⮚ Representative of complex development that reflects economic

and modern lifestyle dwellers.
 Types of commercial complex on the basis of development:

• Neighbourhood center:
- Row of stores in strip or line-parallel to highway
- Containing supermarket and drugstore
- Surface parking
• Intermediate or community size center:
- Advance form of supermarket in the form of departmental store
• Regional Center:
- more number of department stores came together under
a roof with shopping walkway
- Parking completely surrounding the building group
• Renewal Projects(Downtown):
-Development towards close integration on two or more
shopping levels
- includes- department stores, shops, restaurants, gaming, etc.
- interconnection through bridges(vertical circulation), along with
parking garages, multidecked basement parking
 STUCTURAL ANALYSIS: MATERIALS

• • Concrete and brick – unique aesthetic aspect

Mall width may be greater than 50’
to a building façade and may be used for
• Column spacing 20’, 25’, 30’(based on parking areas) both structure and visual appeal.
• Floor to floor height 10’ to 14’ (average 12’)
• • Steel and Metals – provide stable strong
False ceiling (- adequate space for AC ducts, lights,
framework.
structural system)
• Ducts and Shafts: • Insulation materials – fibre glass.
- a schedule of location and sizes of the principle
duct run and
shafts should be set up to avoid serious failure
space problem
- includes special exhaust ventilation through roof
• Exterior Walls:
- depending upon stores requirement, it contains
1. Service door
2. Public entrance door
3. Show windows
 Parking
• In parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles(say 70˚)
to lanes or at 90˚ to lanes for two way
• Parking lanes – range from 60’-64’ in width for 90˚
parking and 56’-58’ for angled parking.
• Parking are at two different levels one parking at level of
upper mall and other at lower level
• Ramp breakover angle is limited by wheel base and
vehicle ground clearance
• Ramp widths is 12’ for one way and 22’ for two way
where parking flows are not separated
 Safety precautions
• Videos surveillance – basement ,
stores, lobbies, etc.
• Manual security – mainly at entry and
exit points.
• Fire safety – wet risers/hose reds/fire
extinguishers/sprinkler system.
• AC system: centralized A/C unit
• Ventilations and exhaust: for common
toilets and basement, kitchen.
 Services and facilities:
• Retail shops:
Design guidelines:
⮚ Understanding an efficient method of space utilization
- Integration of display, services,customer movement in best
possible forms
- ease of access to the emergency exits
⮚ Understanding the target group
- keep the rich décor with understated elegance
- space that allow customer to view, discern and decide before purchase
⮚ Understanding the importance of display area of the products
- height of merchandise should be such that every cutomer should be able to notice
- show window to display items
 Shop sizes

• Shops with one customer's aisle only are

usually 12 to 15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft long in
large cities
• 15 to 18 ft. wide by 60 to 80 ft long in smaller
cities.
• Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the clear, permit
economical stock storage.
• Ground floors are preferably approximately 12
ft high
• Aisle Widths
-For clerks, min. = 1 ft 8 in; desirable, 2 ft to
2 ft 3 in.
-For main public aisles, min. ~= 4 ft 6 in. ;
2 ft 3 in.
-Secondary public aisles, 3 ft to 3 ft 6 in.
Shelves:
 Offices
• Design Guidelines:
- Better flexibility in planning work stations
- Better natural lighting and ventilation
- Energy consumption
- Better communication and flow of work
- Centralized to simplify area division and provides good flexibility of tenant distribution in the same
way.

• Design requirements:
- Space per person : 8m² to 13m² (optimum 10m²)
- Area per floor: 450m² to 540m²
- Corridor width : 5’ to 6’
- Maximum distance from employee desk to nearest exit: 150’
- Maximum distance from desk to restroom : 150’
- Lighting requirements:
1. Corridors: 200lux
2. Conference and reception : 300-400lux
 Design standards
• Absolute minimum area per person- 3.7 to 4.2m² (including aisles, filing cabinets and desk space)
• Additional spaces for visitors- allow minimum 1.8m² extra for visitors
• Recommended allowance for completely integrated office with all activities under one roof-
average of 9.3m² to 11.6m² per person
• Completely integrated office plus eating and lounge facilities:- minimum 14m² per person
Restaurants and kitchen
Design guidelines
• Public access separate from service entry and waste disposal
• Exterior appearance communicating with signs, light and menu display
• Interior to create good impression and suitable environment
• Large regular area broken into smaller, more intimate areas
• Cashier at entrance
• Good air conditioning, central ducts for waste supplies and exhaust system

Design standards
- Dining Room: 60% of total area
- Kitchen, cooking, storage, preparation: 40% of total area
- Storage : 1.5 to 2 times the kitchen
- Services aisles: 0.9 to 1.35m wide
- Lighting in kitchen : 215lux
 BANK
• Spaces
- Public spaces- lobby and reception desk
- Tellers room
- Loan offices
- Check writing desks
• Operations
- Book keeping department
- Data processing area
- Meeting rooms
- Safety deposits vault
- General services
- Executive suite
- Legal deposit
- Mail room
- Data processing
 Some others facilities are
• Movies theatre for entertaining publics:
 Vertical circulation:
• Staircase
- Minimum two number of staircase
- Width of staircase varies from 1.5m-2m

• Ramp
- 1:12 slope of width 1m to1.2m

• Escalator
- Width of tread ranges from 12”-18”
- minimum rise between tread is 8½”
- Width of escalator are 32” and 48”

• Elevator
- One lift for all 4 storey building
- Capacity may vary upto 5 - 25 people
 Environment

• Space – outdoor
- Landscaping:
-concept of landscaping evolved to block the views of stores
-mass effect through close spacing of several trees and bushes
- concentration of planting near the building
- use of long line hedges
- interior landscaping where there is maximum natural light
- artificial landscaping in case of lack of natural light
• Outdoor spaces may include:
1. Water bodies
2. Interactive open spaces
3. Seating spaces
 Energy consideration
• Atrium
1. Day lighting:
- Bringing natural light into center of building to eliminate dark, deep spaces
- Use of day lighting can offset the cost of electricity
2. Passive cooling:
- Control solar heat gain through shading
- Use of thermal mass
- Radioactive cooling
3. Ventilation
- Cross ventilation both naturally and mechanically important to maintain indoor air quality and
convective cooling
- Exhaust vents should be always at highest point of atrium
4. Passive heating
5. Air conditioning system
6. Lighting System:
• Switch off Lights When Not in Use
• Provision of Separate Switches for Peripheral Lighting
• Install High Efficiency Lighting System
• Fluorescent Tube Ballasts – use electronic ballast
• Cleaning of Lights and Fixtures
• Use Light Colors for Walls, Floors and Ceilings

7. Escalators and Elevators

• Specify energy efficient equipment in the system
• Do not over design the System
• Suitable zoning arrangement
• Suitable control and energy management to lift equipment
• Use of light weight material to decorate the lift.
• Good housekeeping.
 Washrooms
Malls
• Male: W/C= 1per 500 males Female: W/C= 1per 100 females
:Washbasin= 1per W/C :Washbasin= 1per W/C
: Urinals= 2per 500 males
Restaurant
• Male: W/C= 2per 150 males Female: W/C= 2per 30 females
:Washbasin= 1per W/C :Washbasin= 1per W/C
: Urinals= 1per 60 males
Office
• Male : W/C= 1per 15 males Female: W/C= 1 per 5 females
:Washbasin= 1per 5 males :Washbasin= 1per 5 females
:Urinals= 1per 15 males
 K.L TOWER

Location : Chuchepati , Chabahil

Designer: D Architects & associates
Chief architect: Ar. Shagun Sthapit
(In construction state)
 Area analysis
• Ground coverage: 17726.42 m²
• Stands out to be only building of 10 storey in the area
• with double floor basement parking
 Floor details
• Ground floor : branded show rooms, cosmetics and departmental stores
• First floor: ladies and gents wears , boutique, banks
• Second floor: mobile and electronics , shoe shops
• Third floor: cooperatives ,academics, conference halls
• Fourth floor: insurance, gaming zone, kids zone
• Fifth floor :cooperatives ,ATC, food lounge
• Sixth -eighth floor : multiplex
• Ninth floor: management offices
• Tenth floor: Imperial banquet
 DESIGN ANALYSIS
❖Lighting :
• Complete thematic colorful artificial lighting within the complex.
• Natural lighting available only
at the emergency exit and entrance.
❖False ceiling
• Provision of false ceiling for
concealing electrical and sanitary
ducts.
Also for aesthetical purpose.
❖Insulation
• Sound inslulation with use of fibre glass partition
,wooden boards ,
• Thermal insulation through central air conditioning
system.
❖Safety precautions
• Fire hose provided near stairs on each floor.
 CIRCULATION
• Spacious interior with colonnaded walk
way in all ground floors.
• Circulation access is provided in easily
accessible place.
Escalators and lift centralized and easily accessible from
entrance.
 Vertical circulation medium:

• Escalators: 7
• Elevators: 4
• Staircases: 2
 RESTROOM
ENTRANCE
ESCALATOR

Service lift
LIFT

STAIRCASE
 STRUCTURE

•Unique external façade

•Floor to floor height:11 ft
•Clear height with false ceiling :8ft
•Materials used: marble ,tiles glass partitions, ACP
 Services
Restroom
• Designed such that it cannot be visible from the lobby.
• Spacious.
• Placed at south west
corner so that it does
not disturb the interior.
GAMING ZONE
• On the fourth floor –one of the major
attraction- provides visitors a wide
choice of hi-tech video games, indoor
games and other games
• Ensuring that fun continues with movies
and food .
• KIDS ZONE for kids entertainment.
KIDS ZONE

GAME ZONE
 MULTIPLEX

• Consists of three cinema halls.

• Sound lock lobby designed for
each hall to avoid external
disturbances.
CUBE1
CUBE2

CUBE3
 PARKING
• Double layer parking at basement:
Upper floor for 2 wheelers and lower floor for 4 wheelers.
• Accommodates 70-100 cars and 300 bikes.
• R.C.C Structure used 12º ramp
slope to parking entry.
• Parking aisles at 90º
• Fire sprinklers have been used
as precautions to fire hazards.
 TECHNOLOGIES
• Central air conditioning system
• 24 hr generator backup power supply
• Complete CCTV surveillance
• Thematic Lighting effects on false ceiling of each floors
• JBL high definition sound systems in cinema halls.
 NORKHANG COMPLEX

Location : Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Designer : Vastukala Paramarsha Nepal
Client : Mr. Tashi Tenzing
 Floor Details
• Ground floor: Neo store, MAC Support, Standard Chartered Bank
• 1st Floor: Hot Mug Barista, Jawalakhel Optical Shop, Civil Bank Limited
• 2nd Floor: Samyak Diagnostic, Jawalakhel Eye Clinic, Clinic One
• 3rd Floor: Neoteric, IT Nepal
• 4th Floor: Bizz Education Australia, Hyperloop Nepal Pvt., Laugh O’ Learn
• 5th Floor: Aasha Health Care, Consultancy
• 6th Floor: Norkhang Management Office, Consultancy, Roof Top View
 Design Analysis
Landscape
• Long lines of hedges in front façade of building.
Lighting
• Availability of natural lighting within complex with few artificial lightning.

Materials
• Provision of False ceiling for concealing of HVAC providing aesthetic.
• Transparent glass partitions along with use of glass block.
• Marble floor, Steel truss, railing.
Safety Precautions
• Fire escape stairs, fire hose near stairs.
WAFFLE SLAB
EMERGENCY EXIT

GLASS BLOCKS
 CIRCULATION
• About 12’ wide corridor is
used for circulation.
• Provision of ramp.
Vertical circulation Medium
• Elevators: 2
• Staircase:1
 STRUCTURES

• Column to column distance = 10’ to 20’

• Column size = 16” by 16
• Floor height = 10’
• Mall width = around 80’
• Staircase width = 4’6”
• Lift capacity = 8 people
SERVICES
Restrooms
• Designed such that it cannot be directly visible.
• Female: W/C= 2
: Washbasin= 2
• Male: W/C= 2
: Washbasin= 2
: Urinals= 2
 PARKING
• Basement parking with both four & two wheelers at same place.
• Accommodates around 80 bikes and 15 cars.
• R.C.C structure used with
around 12 degree ramp.
• Parking aisles at 90 degree.
• Use of fire sprinklers for
fire hazards.
MEGABANGNA SHOPPING CENTRE
BANG KAEO, THAILAND
 INTRODUCTION
• AREA:- TOTAL 400000M² (APPROX:-786 ropani )
• NEW RETAIL ZONE 58000M²(APPROX.:-115 ropani )
• BUILT IN:- 2012,2017
• TYPE:- SUPER REGIONAL MALL
• BUILT BY:-  SF Development Co Ltd; FOS Architects
• LOCATION:- BANG KAEO , THAILAND
• AMOUNT OF RETAILERS : 870 Key retailers: IKEA,
H&M, ZARA, UNIQLO, Cotton On, MEGA Cineplex
ETC.
 THE NEW RETAIL ZONE

Area:-58000m2
Built by:- FOS Architects
Built in:- 2017
Interior design:-PIA Interior Co.,Ltd.
Structural design:-Aurecon
Landscape contractor:-Ped Garden Co., Ltd.

Main concept for the design

‘Reconnecting Urban Life with Nature Through
A Flowing Shopping Experience’
1 2

3 4
5 6

7 8
 DESIGN FEATURES

Structure
-Using a precast system, it has 16 metre span length hollow core slabs,
shell beams and precast columns.
-Thousands of columns on several grid systems with many transfer beams
were required for the unique layout.
Circulation
- Network of walkways along shopfronts on every level is connected to
the existing corridor and a new car parking building via link bridges and
covered walkway in order to complete a seamless circulation system
between the two phases without dead end.
-A series of minimum 1:15 sloping walkways are positioned continuously,
descending gently down from upper to lower levels, to create a similar
experience of ‘hill walk’.
Parking
-Multifloored parking (6 floors) along with surface parking easily
accessible from the road also from the internal road
DESIGN FEATURES

Services
-No. of lifts:-8
-No. of stairs:-13
-No. of escalators:-9
Energy consideration
Passive cooling system using air cooling Materials
and water cooling system - Use of 3 mm thick solid polycarbonate roof

Height -Amphitheater seating with genuine wood finish provides cozy spectator seating 
- The boardwalk is intersected by crossing granite stone pathways and giant
Total height :-~21 m slate slabs stacked to display the contrast in form and color of the refined and
Each floor of retail area:-~7m unrefined material.
Each floor of parking:-~3.33m -Use of glass and steel for shop fronts, windows, stairs, bridges etc.
 DESIGN FEATURES

• Landscape
-Use of water features which is also used as a cooling system
with the help of chillers & concealed jet fans
-The designed forest consist of plants indigenous to a sub
tropical to a tropical climate, including ferns and moss to
create a natural greenery that blends with the surrounding.
- User-based landscape design creates a new way to
experience both the landscape and shops that are located at
different levels.
ION ORCHARD (Singapore)
DESCRIPTION:

• Category : Shopping mall

• Developers : RSP Architects Planners &
Engineers Ltd with Benoy
• Programme : Mercantile shopping centre
• Location : Singapore, Republic
• No. of stores and services:400
• Total retail floor area: 941,700 square feet
• No. of floors:12 (8 retail and 4 car park)
Concept:
• Ion Orchard stands as a model of design and
innovation ,conceived as an urban seed that will lead to
the dynamics reimagination of orchard road, bringing
forth a new urban realm to the city centre.
• Team looked to nature for inspiration and reimagined
the orchards that made up the origins of the sight
,continuing the theme of growth in the design from
seed to stem to tree. The powerful organic presence
communicated through a uniquely free form
,amorphous cladding and tree like columns provoke
interaction between visitor and destination.
• Inspired by different patterns and texture in nature.
Ion orchard:
• Futuristic facades and interiors
• Centre of attraction for people
• Expansion of public sphere
• Development in commercial complex
• Creating a successful retail destination
• Landmark and award winning building
• Side of the orchard road
• Single shell façade and canopy structure
• Access by train ,bus, car and taxi
 Entrance :
• Grand and distinct entrance with the monocoque roof structure covering 3000m2
event space rests on just two ‘tree column’.
• Presence of sub entrance as well
Parking:
• 4 levels for parking car (parking charges )
• Provision of ramp and lift.

Horizontal and vertical

circulation:
• Horizontal circulation : wide corridors and
passages
• Vertical circulation: lift, escalator , ramp
and staircase
 Structure:
• Shell structure are typically curved ,light weight structures . Eg: coconut shell , tortoise shell, etc.
• Use of single shell construction technique . Façade provides support to the overall structure, and
without the need or less need for the internal support structured .
• Result was a glass and metal structure that provide shelter and attracts to people.
Amenities:
• Shops (jewellery,
clothes , shoes ,
glasses, bags, etc)
• Kiosks(mobile ,shoes ,
cosmetics , etc)
• Exhibition areas
• Food court
• Gaming zone
• Residential complex
• Parking
Materials used:

• Perforated
metal panels
• Curvilinear
glasses
• Marble
pavement
• Natural granite
tiles
• Laticrete mortar
Landscape:

Hardscape and
softscapes

Night landscape:
• Uses of lights

Day landscape:
• Uses of trees and
artificial plants
Fire safety equipment's:
• Sprinklers
• Smoke alarms
• Fire extinguisher
• Fire hose reels
• Emergency and exit signs