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    PC Hardware: Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras

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    pallavi shimpi
    The document discusses PC hardware and CPU architecture. It describes the evolution of x86 processors from the 8088 with a 16-bit architecture and 1MB address space to the 80386 with a 32-bit architecture and 4GB address space. It also discusses memory addressing types including physical memory, I/O ports, and memory-mapped I/O.

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    PC Hardware: Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras

    Uploaded by

    pallavi shimpi
    35 views13 pages
    The document discusses PC hardware and CPU architecture. It describes the evolution of x86 processors from the 8088 with a 16-bit architecture and 1MB address space to the 80386 with a 32-bit architecture and 4GB address space. It also discusses memory addressing types including physical memory, I/O ports, and memory-mapped I/O.

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    The document discusses PC hardware and CPU architecture. It describes the evolution of x86 processors from the 8088 with a 16-bit architecture and 1MB address space to the 80386 with a 32-bit architecture and 4GB address space. It also discusses memory addressing types including physical memory, I/O ports, and memory-mapped I/O.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    35 views13 pages

    PC Hardware: Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras

    Uploaded by

    pallavi shimpi
    The document discusses PC hardware and CPU architecture. It describes the evolution of x86 processors from the 8088 with a 16-bit architecture and 1MB address space to the 80386 with a 32-bit architecture and 4GB address space. It also discusses memory addressing types including physical memory, I/O ports, and memory-mapped I/O.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    PC Hardware

    Chester Rebeiro
    IIT Madras
    CPUs

    Processor
    i386

    2
    Everything has an address

    0x3c0:0x3cf
    0x60:0x6f

    Processor
    i386

    0x1f0:0x1f7

    0x0 : 0x200000 0x60:0x6f

    3
    Address Types
    • Memory Addresses
    • IO Addresses
    • Memory Mapped IO Addresses

    4
    Address Types :
    (Memory Addresses)
    • Range : 0 to (RAM size or 232-1)
    • Where main memory is mapped
    – Used to store data for code, heap, stack, OS, etc.
    • Accessed by load/store instructions

    RAM

    5
    Low and Extended Memory
    (Legacy Issues)
    • Why study it?
    – Backward compatibility
    • 8088 has 20 address lines; can address 220 bytes (1MB)
    • Memory Ranges
    – 0 to 640KB used by IBM PC MSDOS
    • Other DOS versions have a different memory limit
    – 640 KB to 1MB used by video buffers, expansion ROMS, BIOS
    ROMs
    – 1 MB onwards called extended memory
    • Modern processors have more usable memory
    – OSes like Linux and x86 simply ignore the first 1MB and load
    kernel in extended memory

    6
    Address Types : (IO Ports)
    • Range : 0 to 216-1
    • Used to access devices
    • Uses a different bus compared
    to RAM memory access
    – Completely isolated from memory
    • Accessed by in/out instructions

    inb $0x64, %al


    outb %al, $0x64

    ref : http://bochs.sourceforge.net/techspec/PORTS.LST 7
    Memory Mapped I/O
    • Why?
    – More space
    • Devices and RAM share
    the same address space
    • Instructions used to
    access RAM can also be
    used to access devices.
    – Eg load/store

    Memory Map

    8
    Who decides the address
    ranges?
    • Standards / Legacy
    – Such as the IBM PC standard
    – Fixed for all PCs.
    – Ensures BIOS and OS to be portable across
    platforms
    • Plug and Play devices
    – Address range set by BIOS or OS
    – A device address range may vary every time the
    system is restarted

    9
    PC Organization
    Processor Processor Processor Processor
    1 2 3 4

    front side bus

    Memory bus
    DRAM North Bridge

    PCI Bus 0
    us
    DMI b
    South Bridge PCI-PCI Ethernet USB
    VGA
    Bridge Controller Controller

    PCI Bus 1
    USB USB
    USB USB device
    device
    More bridge device
    PCI
    Legacy devices
    Devices PS2
    (keyboard, mouse,
    PC speaker)

    10
    The x86 Evolution (8088)
    • 8088 General Purpose Registers
    – 16 bit microprocessor
    – 20 bit external address bus
    • Can address 1MB of memory
    – Registers are 16 bit
    General Purpose Registers
    AX, BX, CD, DX,
    Pointer Registers
    BP, SI, DI, SP
    Instruction Pointer : IP
    Segment Registers GPRs can be accessed as
    CS, SS, DS, ES 8 bit or 16 bit registers
    – Accessing memory Eg.
    (segment_base << 4) + offset mov $0x1, %ah ; 8 bit move
    eg: (CS << 4) + IP mov $0x1, %ax ; 16 bit move

    11
    The x86 Evolution (80386)
    • 80386 (1995) General Purpose Registers
    – 32 bit microprocessor
    – 32 bit external address bus
    • Can address 4GB of memory
    – Registers are 32 bit
    General Purpose Registers
    EAX, EBX, ECD, EDX,
    Pointer Registers
    EBP, ESI, EDI, ESP
    Instruction Pointer : IP
    Segment Registers GPRs can be accessed as
    CS, SS, DS, ES 8, 16, 32 bit registers
    – Lot more features e.g.
    • Protected operating mode mov $0x1, %ah ; 8 bit move
    • Virtual addresses mov $0x1, %ax ; 16 bit move
    mov $0x1, %eax ; 32 bit move

    12
    The x86 Evolution (k8)
    • AMD k8 (2003)
    – RAX instead of EAX
    – X86-64, x64, amd64, intel64: all same thing
    • Backward compatibility
    – All systems backward compatible with 8088

    13

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