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Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission: Unit-IV Lect - 1 Serial Transmission

There are three modes of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. Asynchronous transmission sends data one character at a time with start and stop bits. Synchronous transmission sends data in blocks without start/stop bits, requiring synchronized clocks. Isochronous transmission guarantees data arrives at a fixed rate for applications like audio/video that can't tolerate uneven delays.

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188 views21 pages

Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission: Unit-IV Lect - 1 Serial Transmission

There are three modes of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. Asynchronous transmission sends data one character at a time with start and stop bits. Synchronous transmission sends data in blocks without start/stop bits, requiring synchronized clocks. Isochronous transmission guarantees data arrives at a fixed rate for applications like audio/video that can't tolerate uneven delays.

Uploaded by

Sangya Sagarika
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Synchronous and

Asynchronous Transmission
Unit- IV Lect_1
Serial Transmission
4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can be


accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In
parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock
tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data, there
are three subclasses of serial transmission:
asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

Topics discussed in this section:


Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Figure 4.31 Data transmission and modes
Figure 4.33 Serial transmission
Serial Transmission
• In serial transmission, one bit follows another, so we
need only one communication channel rather than n to
transmit data between two communicating devices.
• Adv over parallel transmission:
– Only one communication channel
– Serial communication reduces the cost of transmission over
parallel by roughly a factor of n.
• Since the communication within devices is parallel,
conversion devices are required at the interface between
the sender and the line (parallel to serial) and between
the line and the receiver (serial to parallel)
Three ways of Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission occurs in one of the
three ways:
– Asynchronous
– Synchronous
– isochronous
Asynchronous and
Synchronous Transmission
• Timing problems require a mechanism to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver
• Two solutions
– Asynchronous
– Synchronous
Asynchronous
• Data transmitted on character at a time
– 5 to 8 bits
• Timing only needs maintaining within each
character
• Resynchronize with each character
Asynchronous Transmission
• The timing of the signal is unimportant.
• Information is received and translated by agreed upon patterns.
• Patterns are based on the grouping the bit stream into bytes.
• Each group usually 8 bits is sent along the link as a unit.
• The sending system handles the group independently, relaying it to
the link whenever ready, without regard to the timer.
• To alert the receiver, an extra bit is added to the beginning of the
byte.
– Start bit- 0
– Stop bit- 1
• In addition , the transmission of each byte may then be followed by
a gap of varying duration.
• Gap can be represented by
– Idle channel
– A stream of additional stop bits.
Asynchronous Transmission
(cont..)
• Drawback of asynchronous Transmission:
– Addition of start and stop bits and the insertion of gaps
into the bit stream makes asynchronous Transmission
slower than forms of transmission that can operate
without the addition of control information.
• Advantages:
– Cheap and effective
– Attractive choice of low speed of communication.

• Example:
– The connection of keyboard to a computer
Asynchronous (diagram)
Asynchronous - Behavior
• In a steady stream, interval between characters is
uniform (length of stop element)
• In idle state, receiver looks for transition 1 to 0
• Then samples next seven intervals (char length)
• Then looks for next 1 to 0 for next char
Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous - Bit Level
• Block of data transmitted without start or
stop bits
• Clocks must be synchronized
• Can use separate clock line
– Good over short distances
– Subject to impairments
• Embed clock signal in data
– Manchester encoding
– Carrier frequency (analog)
Synchronous - Block Level
• Need to indicate start and end of block
• Use preamble and postamble
– e.g. series of SYN (hex 16) characters
– e.g. block of 11111111 patterns ending in
11111110

• More efficient (lower overhead) than


async
Synchronous (diagram)
Note

In synchronous transmission, we send


bits one after another without start or
stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility
of the receiver to group the bits.
Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission
• Adv:
– Speed, because no extra bits or gaps to introduce at
the sending or removing at the receiving end.

• Appln:
– Useful for high speed applications such aa the
transmission of data between from one computer to
another computer.
– Byte synchronization is accomplished in data link
layer.
• There may be uneven gaps between the frames.
Isochronous
• In real time audio and video, in which uneven delays
between frames are not acceptable, synchronous
transmission fails.
• Ex: TV broadcast images are broadcast at the rate of 30
images per second, they must be viewed at the same
rate.
• If each image is sent by using one or more frames, there
should be no delays between frames.
• For this type of application, entire stream must be
synchronized.
• So isochronous transmission guarantees that the data
arrive at a fixed rate.

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