Fluid Mechanics-1

Introduction

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Fluid Mechanics
study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and
the subsequent effects of the fluid upon the boundaries, which may be either
solid surfaces or interfaces with other fluids.

Satisfies basic laws but theory is often applies to idealized flows.

No generalized equations available that applies to any arbitrary geometry

The effect of viscosity also increased the complexity of the fluid flows

Conclusively, theory is available for fluid flows but it must be backed up by

experiments

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Real Life applications

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Fluid
Matter consists of two states, fluid and solid
A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deformation; a fluid cannot
Any shear stress applied to a fluid, no matter how small, will result in
continuous motion of that fluid
A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear stress (hydrostatic stress)
Two classes of fluids. “Liquids and gases” based on cohesive forces
A gas has no definitive volume

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Fluid
There are many borderline cases, however, of which you should be aware.
Some apparently “solid” substances such as asphalt and lead resist shear
stress for short periods but actually deform slowly and exhibit definite fluid
behavior over long periods.
Liquids and gases can coexist in two-phase mixtures, such as steam-water
mixtures or water with entrapped air bubbles
There are situations where the distinction between a liquid and a gas blurs.
This state is known as critical point.

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Dimensions &
Units

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Dimensions & Unit
“Dimension” is the measure by which a physical variable is expressed
quantitatively i.e. length

A “unit” is a particular way of attaching a number to the quantitative

dimension i.e. ft, m, cm, mm, km, mile etc

Physical variables i.e. displacement, width, deflection, height

In fluid mechanics there are only four primary dimensions but overall there
are seven

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Dimensions & Unit
All other variables in fluid mechanics can be expressed in terms of primary
dimensions

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Example 1.1

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Solution

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Classification
of Fluid
Flows

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Fluid as a Continuum

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Classification
Viscous vs inviscid flows
Flows in which the frictional effects are significant are called viscous flows
Flows in which the frictional effects are negligible are called inviscid flows
Internal vs External flow
The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or apipe is
external flow.
The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow
Compressible vs Incompressible Flow
A flow is said to be incompressible if the density remains nearly constant
throughout.

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Classification
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid is called
laminar.
The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations is called turbulent
A flow that alternates between being laminar and turbulent is called transitional.

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Classification
Steady vs Unsteady flow
Steady flow is defined as that in which the various parameters at any point do not
change with time
Flow in which changes with time do occur is termed unsteady or non-steady

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Eulerian and Lagrangian Description
Two different points of view in analyzing problems in mechanics

“Euler approach” The fluid properties p, ρ, v are written as functions of

space and times. The flow is determined by the analyzing the behavior of
the functions.

“Lagrange approach” Pieces of the fluid are “tagged”. The fluid flow
properties are determined by tracking the motion and properties of the
particles as they move in time.

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The Velocity field
Velocity field implies a distribution of velocity in a given region. It is
denoted in a functional form as V(x,y,z,t) meaning that velocity is a
function of the spatial and time coordinates.

Several other quantities, called kinematic properties, can be derived by

mathematically manipulating the velocity field

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The Velocity field

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• Pressure (P)
• Density ()
• Temperature (T)
Properties • Internal Energy (e )

of fluid •
•
Enthalpy (h)
Specific Heats (Cp , Cv)
• Coefficient of viscosity (µ)
• Thermal conductivity (k)

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 Fluid
• Specific weight: Weight per unit volume.
Properties

• Specific gravity: the ratio of a fluid density to

a standard reference fluid, water (for liquids),
and air (for gases)

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 Viscosity

When a fluid is sheared, it begins to move at a strain rate inversely proportional to

a
property called its coefficient of viscosity (µ).
Consider a fluid element sheared in one plane by a single shear stress , as in Fig. The shear
strain angle will continuously grow with time as long as the stress is maintained, the upper
surface moving at speed u larger than the lower. Such common fluids as water, oil, and air
show a linear relation between applied shear and resulting strain rate
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Viscosit
y

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Viscosity
 Kinematic viscosity= v =

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Flow between
plates

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Flow between plates

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Flow between plates

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Example 1.8

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Solution

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Newtonian &
Non Newtonian
Fluids

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Newtonian
vs Non
Newtonian
fluids

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Non Newtonian fluids
1. Fluids which do not follow the newton law of viscosity are called
nonnewtonian fluids
2. A dilatant, or shear-thickening, fluid increases resistance with
increasing applied stress.
3. a pseudoplastic, or shear-thinning, fluid decreases resistance with
increasing stress.
4. If the thinning effect is very strong, as with the dashed-line curve, the
fluid is termed plastic.
5. The limiting case of a plastic substance is one which requires a finite
yield stress before it begins to flow. The linear-flow Bingham plastic
idealization
6. Some fluids require a gradually increasing shear stress to maintain a
constant strain rate and are called rheopectic.
7. fluid which thins out with time and requires decreasing stress is termed
thixotropic.

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Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid boils and is in equilibrium
with its own vapor.
The vapor pressure of water at 68°F is 49 lbf/ft2, while that of mercury is
only 0.0035 lbf/ft2
If the liquid pressure is greater than the vapor pressure, the only exchange
between liquid and vapor is evaporation at the interface.
If, however, the liquid pressure falls below the vapor pressure, vapor
bubbles begin to appear in the liquid.
When the liquid pressure is dropped below the vapor pressure due to a flow
phenomenon, we call the process cavitation.

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No slip & No temperature jump condition
When a fluid flow is bounded by a solid surface, molecular
interactions cause the fluid in contact with the surface to seek
momentum and energy equilibrium with that surface. All liquids
essentially are in equilibrium with the surface they contact. All gases
are, too, except under the most rarefied conditions [8]. Excluding
rarefied gases, then, all fluids at a point of contact with a solid take
on the velocity and temperature of that surface

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Flow patterns
A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a
given instant.
A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given fluid particle.
A streakline is the locus of particles which have earlier passed
through a prescribed point.
A timeline is a set of fluid particles that form a line at a given
instant.

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