Course No: CSE 4255

Course Title: Telecommunication

Lecture 1: Introduction to Telecommunication

Tanvir Ahmed
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE, AUST
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Course Objective:

 The objective of the course is to give an introduction to the

telecommunications, fundamentals of wireless communication system, the
wireless network architectures and protocols. Topics of study includes an
overview of wired telephony system; switching technique; wireless
telecommunication system; cellular telephony; GSM; signal propagation
models; fading in the mobile environment; multiple access techniques;
modulation techniques; satellite communication and wireless networking
standards IEEE-802.11.

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Text Books

 Wireless Communications and Networks; 2nd edition---William Stallings

 Wireless Communications Principles and Practice; 2nd edition---T. S. Rappaport

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Grading:

 Class Performance: 10%

 Quiz: 20%
 Final: 70%

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What is telecommunication?
 Communication is the sharing of information or messages
between two or more entities.
 The word tele is Greek for "far off".
 The term telecommunication, means communication at a
distance.
 The information may be in the form of voice, video, and data:
 Voice telecommunication - using electrical signals to transmit human
voice across a distance, such as telephones and radio broadcasts.
 Video telecommunication - the electrically-based transmission of moving
pictures and sound across a distance.
 Data telecommunication - the use of electrical signals to exchange
encoded information between computerized devices across a distance. 5
Types of Telecommunication Services

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Data and Voice Networks
Divided networks

Internet

 Voice telecommunication or Switched Telephone Network – PSTN, ISDN (integrated services digital network),
GSM
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 Data telecommunication or Computer (data) networks – Internet, WLAN,
Elements of Telecommunication System

 Source - the originator of the message, whether it is a person or machine.

 Transmitter - the equipment that modifies the message (either data or voice) into the form
required for transmission.
 Communications channel - the means of carrying the signal from the source to the destination.
 Transmission media - may be physical, like a copper wire or fiber optic cable, or atmospheric,
like radio waves.
 Receiver - is the device that captures the message from the communications channel and
converts it into a form that the person or machine at the destination can understand.
 Destination - the person or machine to whom the message is directed 8
Transmission Modes

Signals can be transmitted though telecommunications media in a number of different

ways:
 In simplex transmission, data can flow only in one direction
 In half-duplex transmission, data can flow in both directions but it can only flow in one
direction at any point in time
 In full-duplex transmission, data can flow in both directions at the same time
 Frequency-division duplex (FDD) „
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 Time-division duplex (TDD): simulated full-duplex
FDD
 Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) is a method for establishing a
full-duplex communications link that uses two different radio
frequencies for transmitter and receiver operation.
 The transmit direction and receive direction frequencies are separated
by a defined frequency offset (guard band).

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TDD
 Time-division duplexing (TDD) is a method for emulating full-duplex
communication over a half-duplex communication link.
 TDD divides a data stream into frames and assigns different time slots to
forward and reverse transmissions, thereby allowing both types of
transmissions to share the same transmission medium.
 TDD schemes require a guard time or guard interval between transmission
and reception.

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Related Terminologies
 Bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range of frequencies in a
composite signal or the range of frequencies that a channel can
pass.
 Data Rate in bits per second, refers to the number of bits per
second that a channel, a link, or even a network can transmit.
 Throughput is the actual amount of data that is successfully
sent/received over the communication link.
 Latency (Delay) defines how long it takes for an entire message to
completely arrive at the destination from the time the first bit is sent
out from the source.
 Latency = propagation time + transmission time + queuing time
+ processing delay. 12
 Data Rate and Bandwidth
 Suppose:
 Positive pulse  binary 0
 Negative pulse  binary 1
 Duration of each pulse is 1/2f
 Data rate is 2f bps
 If more frequencies are added to the signal
then the wave form approaches to the
square wave
 The frequency components of the square
wave with amplitude A and –A can be
expressed as follows :

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Data Rate Calculation
 Case 1: Figure a
 Let f = 106 cycles/sec = 1 MHz
 Frequency components = 1f, 3f, 5f
 Bandwidth = 5f – f = 4f = 4 MHz
 T = 1/ 106 = 10-6 = 1μs
 If we treat this wave form as bit string of 1s and 0s, 1 bit occurs at every 0.5 μs,
i.e duration of each pulse is 1/2* 106
 Data rate = 2 * 106 = 2Mbps
 Thus for 4 MHz BW data rate is 2 Mbps

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Data Rate Calculation
 Case 2: Figure b
 Let f = 2*106 cycles/sec = 2 MHz
 Frequency components = 1f, 3f, 5f
 Bandwidth = 5f – f = 4f = (5*2*106 - 2*106 ) = 8 MHz
 T= 1/ 2 *106 = 0 .5 μs
 If we treat this wave form as bit string of 1s and 0s, 1 bit occurs at
every 0.25 μs i.e duration of each pulse is 1/4* 106
 Data rate = 4* 106 = 4Mbps
 Thus for 8 MHz BW data rate is 4 Mbps

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Data Rate Calculation
 Case 3: Figure c
 Let f = 2*106 cycles/sec = 2 MHz
 Frequency components = 1f, 3f
 Bandwidth = 3f – f = 2f = (3*2*106 - 2*106 ) = 4MHz
 T= 1/ 2 *106 = 0 .5 μs
 I f we treat this wave form as bit string of 1s and 0s, 1 bit occurs at
every 0.25 μs i.e. duration of pulse is 1/4* 106
 Data rate = 4* 106 = 4Mbps
 Thus for 4 MHz BW data rate is 4 Mbps

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Data Rate Vs Bandwidth
 Bandwidth ↑
 Data rate ↑ (compare case 1 and 2)
 Same signal quality
 Same bandwidth
 Higher signal quality  lower data rate
 Compare case 1 and 3
 Same data rate
 Bandwidth ↑  better signal quality
 Compare case 2 and 3

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Data Rate Vs Bandwidth
 Same signal quality (Compare case 1 and 2)
 Bandwidth ↑
 Data rate ↑

 Same bandwidth (Compare case 1 and 3)

 Higher signal quality  Lower data rate
 Lower signal quality  Higher data rate

 Same data rate (Compare case 2 and 3)

 Bandwidth ↑
 Higher signal quality
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Channel Capacity
 The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted
over a given communication path, or channel, under
given conditions.
 Impairments, such as noise, limit data rate that can be
achieved.
 Nyquist Formula is: C = 2B log2M
 Shannon Capacity Formula is: C=B log2(1+SNR)

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Signal to Noise Ration
 Signal to noise ratio (SNR) = power of signal/power of
noise
 Typically measured at the receiver
 SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)
 A high SNR means a high quality of signal

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Example 1:
 Lets consider the spectrum of a channel is between 3 MHz and 4
MHz and SNRdb =24 dB. Then find the maximum capacity achieved
by channel. If it is possible to achieved the limit then how many
signal level is required?

Example 2:
 What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5-
kbyte message if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps? Assume
that the distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km
and that light travels at 2.4 ×108 m/s.

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