The document describes an experiment to study the compaction behavior of powders using different models. It discusses powder compaction theory and equations like the Knight, Kawakita, and Heckle equations. The procedure involves measuring the bulk density of samples like fly ash at different numbers of tapings. Observations are recorded and the models are fitted to the experimental data using least squares method. The Kawakita model best fits the data with constants a=1.101349 and b=0.01376.
The document describes an experiment to study the compaction behavior of powders using different models. It discusses powder compaction theory and equations like the Knight, Kawakita, and Heckle equations. The procedure involves measuring the bulk density of samples like fly ash at different numbers of tapings. Observations are recorded and the models are fitted to the experimental data using least squares method. The Kawakita model best fits the data with constants a=1.101349 and b=0.01376.
The document describes an experiment to study the compaction behavior of powders using different models. It discusses powder compaction theory and equations like the Knight, Kawakita, and Heckle equations. The procedure involves measuring the bulk density of samples like fly ash at different numbers of tapings. Observations are recorded and the models are fitted to the experimental data using least squares method. The Kawakita model best fits the data with constants a=1.101349 and b=0.01376.
The document describes an experiment to study the compaction behavior of powders using different models. It discusses powder compaction theory and equations like the Knight, Kawakita, and Heckle equations. The procedure involves measuring the bulk density of samples like fly ash at different numbers of tapings. Observations are recorded and the models are fitted to the experimental data using least squares method. The Kawakita model best fits the data with constants a=1.101349 and b=0.01376.
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EXPERIMENT 3
S T U D Y O F P O W D E R C O M PA C T I O N B E H AV I O U R EXPERIMENT 3
STUDY OF POWDER CO M PAC T I O N B E H AV I O U R AIM : To study powder compaction behavior using different powder compaction models.
APPARATUS : • 50 ml Measuring cylinder
• weighing balance
• tapped density meter.
MATERIALS : Powder sample (silica, barium sulfate, different size fractions of fly ash and brick).
Add a Footer THEORY : Powder compaction/consolidation is an important operation for preparing different products from powder/particulate matter. Many product is usually made form starting raw material as a powder e.g. in a powder metallurgy different advance ceramics objects and other advanced materials are prepared by compaction of powder. It is also widely used in pharmaceutical industry, where drug tablets are prepared by tabletting operation. This tableting operation is termed as drug consolidation operation. The understanding of evolution of bulk properties during compaction operation is necessary for the purpose of design of powder compaction device. In the literature powder compaction behavior is widely studied and several models were proposed to evaluate the change in bulk density of powder compacts during operation.
Add a Footer POWDER COMPACTION EQUATIONS: TITLE Knight Equation: • Kawakita Equation:
Heckle Equation:
Where, ϕ0 = Fractional bulk density at N=0,
ϕ∞ = Fractional bulk density at N where no change in volume is observed ϕN= Fractional bulk density at given N a and b empirical constants of Kawakita equation S and N* empirical constants of Heckle equation B and N* empirical constants of Knight Equation 2 3 1
Measure the weight Tap the powder filled
• Measure the weight measuring cylinder of powder and of empty measuring calculate bulk manually against flat cylinder. Fill in 30 ml density. surface carefully. of fly ash/brick Measure the drop in powder into volume at interval of 5 measuring cylinder or 10 tapings and and measure the tabulated the result in weight. observation table 1. Stop when there is no observable change in the volume of powder.
PROCEDURE
5 6 4
Calculate the • Repeat the fractional bulk Fit the observed change procedure for density at different in fractional bulk different size number of tapings density as a function fractions and also using formula given of number of tapings perform the analysis in calculations using different for other materials section. models/equations (collect values of (Kawakita, Heckle and true density from Knight) using excel literature solver. OBSERVATION TABLE: KAWAKITA EQUATION FRACTIONAL BULK FRACTIONAL BULK FRACTIONAL N DENSITY(ΦN) DENSITY(ΦN) DIFFERENCE EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED 0 0.206008584 0.206008584 0 10 0.234922069 0.233451963 2.16121E-06 25 0.25751073 0.264080768 4.31654E-05 50 0.291099086 0.298483782 5.45337E-05 75 0.326598974 0.321238557 2.87341E-05 100 0.343347639 0.33740442 3.53219E-05 150 0.361906971 0.358846362 9.36733E-06 200 0.371959943 0.372424745 2.16041E-07 250 0.38258737 0.381795056 6.27761E-07 300 0.388132114 0.388651027 2.69271E-07 350 0.393839939 0.393884954 2.02634E-09 400 0.393839939 0.398011581 1.74026E-05
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Add a Footer 11 0.45 KAWAKITA 0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF KAWAKITA EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER
ARE a = 1.101349 AND b = 0.01376 HECKLE 0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF HECKLE EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER ARE
S = 0.05 AND N* = 130 0.45 KNIGHT 0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF KNIGHT EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER ARE
B = 286669940.5 AND N* = 13054447806 CUSTOMIZE THIS TEMPLATE
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15 RESULTS TABLE
KAWAKITA HECKLE KNIGHT
experimental constant a b S N* B N*
value 1.101349329 0.013759939 0.05 130 286669940.5 1.31E+10
RESULTS TABLE
KAWAKITA HECKLE KNIGHT
experimental constant a b S N* B N*
value 1.101349329 0.013759939 0.05 130 286669940.5 1.31E+10
CONCLUSION : THE RESULTS OF THE CURVES FITTED ARE PLOTTED ACCORDING TO THE THREE EQUATIONS KAWAKITA, HECKLE AND KNIGHT RESPECTIVELY.
DISCUSSION :POWDER COMPACTION BEHAVIOR IS WIDELY STUDIED AND SEVERAL MODELS WERE PROPOSED TO EVALUATE THE CHANGE IN BULK DENSITY OF POWDER COMPACTS DURING OPERATION. THESE VARIOUS POWDER COMPACTION MODELS ARE STUDIED TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF POWDER COMPACTION
