Advanced Computer Networking

(3 cr.hrs=2cr.hrs/3 lab)
IT , M.Sc. Program

Behailu Getachew, Assistant Prof.

School Of Computing
Ethiopian Institute Of Technology-Mekelle (EiT-M)
Mekelle University
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Transport and End-to-End Protocols:
Layered
protocols, internet Addressing, mapping internet address to
physical address, internet protocol: OSPF, RIP, RARP,
BOOTP, DHCP, BGP, ARP, IP, Ipv6, ICMP Transport
protocols: UDP, TCP and SNMP.

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Network Application Layer: The Web and HTTP, File
Transfer: FTP, Electronic Mail in the Internet, Domain Name
System (DNS), P2P File Sharing, Socket Programming with
TCP and UDP, Building a Simple Web Server.

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Transport services and protocols:

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Transport vs. network layer:

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Internet transport-layer protocols:

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Multiplexing/demultiplexing:

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How demultiplexing works:

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Connectionless demultiplexing

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Connectionless demux: example

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Connection-oriented demux:

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Connection-oriented demux: example

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UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]

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UDP: segment header

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UDP checksum:

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UDP checksum:


A checksum is a form of redundancy check, a simple way to
protect the integrity of data by detecting errors in data that
are sent through space (telecommunications) or time (storage).


It works by adding up the basic components of a message,
typically the asserted bits, and storing the resulting value. It
helps later to perform the same operation on the data, to
compare the result to the authentic checksum and (assuming
that the sums match) conclude that the message is most likely
not corrupted.

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Example of a simple checksum:

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Given 4 bytes of data (can be done with any number of
bytes): 0x25, 0x62, 0x3F, 0x52

Step 1: Adding all bytes together gives 0x118.

Step 2: Drop the Carry Nibble to give you 0x18.

Step 3: Get the two's complement of the 0x18 to get 0xE8. This
is the checksum byte.

To Test the Checksum byte simply add it to the original group

of bytes. This should give you 0x200. Drop the carry nibble
again giving 0x00. Since it is 0x00 this means no error was
detected (although an undetectable error could have
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occurred).
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rdt:Principles of reliable data transfer

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rdt:Principles of reliable data transfer

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Principles of reliable data transfer

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Reliable data transfer: getting started

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Reliable data transfer: getting started

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Reliable transfer over a reliable channel

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rdt:channel with bit errors:

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rdt:FSM specification:

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rdt:operation with no errors:

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rdt has fatal flaw

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rdt: sender, receiver fragments

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rdt: channels with errors and loss

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rdt: Sender

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rdt in action

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rdt in action

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No loss in packet & ACK over rdt, but performance stinks

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stop-and-wait operation

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Pipelined protocols: sender allows multiple, “in-flight”, yet
-to-be-acknowledged pkts.

range of sequence numbers must be increased

buffering at sender and/or receiver

Two generic forms of pipelined protocols: go-Back-N,

 selective repeat.

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Pipelining: increased utilization

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Pipelining protocols concepts

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Go-Back-N: sender

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GBN: receiver extended FSM

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GBN in action

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Selective repeat

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Selective repeat in action

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TCP: Overview RFCs: 793,1122,1323, 2018, 2581

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TCP segment structure

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TCP seq. Numbers and ACKs

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TCP reliable data transfer

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TCP sender events:

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TCP flow control

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Connection Management

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TCP 3-way handshake

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TCP 3-way handshake: FSM

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TCP: closing a connection

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TCP: closing a connection

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Principles of congestion control

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Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 1

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Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 2

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Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 3

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Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 4

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Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 5

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TCP congestion control

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TCP Congestion Control: details

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TCP Slow Start

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TCP: detecting, reacting to loss

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TCP: switching from slow start to CA

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Network Layer: Goals

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Network Layer Functions

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Two key network-layer functions

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Network service model

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Connection, connection-less service

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Virtual circuits

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VC implementation

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VC forwarding table

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Virtual circuits: signaling protocols

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Datagram networks

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Datagram or VC network: why?

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Router architecture overview

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Input port functions

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Switching fabrics

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Output ports

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Output port queueing

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How much buffering?

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Input port queuing

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The Internet network layer

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IP fragmentation, reassembly

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Network Addressing:
Network Address Range: Class A
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
Network Address Range: Class B
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
Network Address Range: Class C
11000000= 192
11011111= 223
The addresses between 224 and 255 are reserved for
Class D and E networks. Class D (224–239) is
used for multicast addresses and Class E (240–255) for
scientific purposes.

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Subnets

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Subnetting

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Subnetting

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Subnetting

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IP addressing: CIDR

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IP addressing: CIDR Example using VLSM

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Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets

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Subnet with one mask (/27)

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Then further subnet one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30
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subnets
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Calculating VLSMs

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A Working VLSM Example

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Route Summarization:Routing protocols can summarize
addresses of several networks into one address.

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Routers use longest match
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ICMP: internet control message protocol

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Traceroute and ICMP

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Routing Algorithms
 routing algorithm determines end-end-path through network
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forwarding table determines local forwarding at this router
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Routing algorithm classification
 Link State
 Distance Vector
 Hierarchical Routing

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Routing algorithm classification

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