Course : MATH6031 - Calculus I

Year : 2015

Infinite series
Session 23-24
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been

adapted from:

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole.
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46579-7

Chapter 9
 Learning Objectives

LO 3:
LO 3:
Investigate the convergence
Investigate the convergence
of infinite series
of infinite series
 Content

• Infinite sequence and series

1
• Positive series: Integral test and other
2 test
• Alternating series, absolute
3 convergence, conditional convergence

• Operation on power series

4
• Taylor and Maclaurin series
5

4
 What percentage of the
nonfarm workforce in a
country will be in the
service industries one
decade from now?

In this session, we will

see how a Taylor
polynomial can be used
to help answer this
question.

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Sequence

6
 Limit of a Sequence (Precise)

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 Example 1

Determine whether the

sequence converges or
diverges

Solution
Both the numerator and
the denominator of n/(n +1)
approach infinity as n approaches infinity. So their limits do
not. But we can divide the numerator and denominator by n
and then apply Law 4 to evaluate the resulting limit. Thus,

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 Squeeze Theorem

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 Example 2

Find

Solution
Let an = n! / nn. The first few terms of {an} are

and its n-th term is

Therefore,

Since the Squeeze Theorem implies that

10
Limit of Sequences

11
 Example 3

Find

Solution
Since

we conclude by Theorem 4
that

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 Series

An expression of the form

is called an infinite series or, more simply, a series. an is called

the n-th term, or general term, of the series; and the series
itself is denoted by the symbol

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 Example 4

Determine whether the series converges. If the series

converges, find its sum.

Solution

Since

we conclude that the series converges and has sum 1

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 Geometric Series

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 Example 5 (1/2)

Determine whether the series converges or diverges. If it

converges, find its sum.

Solution
a. This is a geometric series with a = 3 and common ratio r =
-1/2. Since , |-1/2| < 1,then the series converges and has
sum

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 Example 5 (2/2)

b. This is a geometric series with a = 5 and common ratio r

= 4/3. Since 4/3 > 1,then the series is divergent.

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 The Harmonic Series

The series

is called the harmonic series.

This series is divergent.

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 The Divergence Test

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 Example 6

Show that the following series are divergent.

Solution

Here, , and

so by the Divergence Test, the series diverges

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 The Integral Test

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 Example 7

Use the Integral Test to determine whether

converges ordiverges.

Solution
Here, an = f(n) = 1/(n2 + 1), so we consider the function f(x)
= 1/ (x2 + 1). Since f is continuous, positive, and decreasing
on [1,∞), we may use the Integral Test. Next,

Since converges, we conclude that

converges as well.

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 The p-Series

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 Example 8

Determine whether the given series converges or

diverges.

Solution
a. This is a p-series with p = 2 > 1, and hence it converges
by Theorem 2.
b. Rewriting the series in the form , we see that
the series is a p-series with p = ½ < 1, , and hence it
diverges by Theorem 2.
c. We rewrite the series in the form , which
we recognize to be a p-series with p = 1.001 > 1 and
conclude that the series converges.
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 The Comparison Test

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 Example 9

Determine whether the series converges or

diverges.

Solution
Let

If n is large, n2 + 2 behaves like n2, so behaves like

This observation suggests that we compare ∑an with the

test series ∑bn, which is a convergent p-series with p = 2.
Now,

and the given series is indeed “smaller” than the test series
∑1/n2. we conclude by the Comparison Test that ∑1/(n2+2)
 The Alternating Series Test

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 Example 10

Determine whether the series CQ 2

converges or diverges.

Solution
Since the series are alternating series we use the
Alternating Series Test. Here, an = 2n/(4n - 1). Because

we see that condition (2) in the Alternating Series Test is

not satisfied. In fact, this computation shows that

does not exist, and the divergence of the series follows

from the Divergence Test.
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 Absolute Convergence

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 Example 11

Show that the series

is absolutely convergent.

Solution
Taking the absolute value of each term of the series, we
obtain

which is a convergent p-series (p = 2). Hence the series is

absolutely convergent.

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 The Ratio Test

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 Example 12

Determine whether the series is absolutely

convergent, conditionally convergent, or divergent.

Solution
We use the Ratio Test with . We have

Therefore, by the Ratio Test, the series is absolutely

convergent
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 Power Series

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 Example 13

As an example, consider the power series

Recognizing that this is a geometric series with common

ratio x, we see that it converges for -1 < x < 1. Thus, the
power series is a rule for a function f with interval (-1,1)
as its domain.

There is a simple formula for the sum of the geometric

series , namely, 1/(1 - x), and we see that the function
represented by the series is the function

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 Interval of Convergence

The number referred to in Theorem 1 is called the radius of

convergence of the power series.

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 Example 14

Find the radius of convergence and the interval of

convergence of

Solution
We can think of the given series as , where

. Applying the Ratio Test, we have

whenever x ≠ 0, and we conclude that the series diverges

whenever x ≠ 0. Therefore, the series converges only when x
= 0, and its radius of convergence is accordingly R = 0.

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 Taylor Series

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 Maclaurin Series

In the special case in which c = 0, the Taylor series

becomes

This series is just the Taylor series of centered at the

origin.

It is called the Maclaurin series of f in honor of the

Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746).

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 Example 15 (1/2)

Find the Maclaurin series of f(x) = sin x

Solution
To find the Maclaurin series of f(x) = sin x, we compute the
values of f and its derivatives at x = 0. We obtain

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 Example 15 (2/2)

We need not go further, since it is clear that successive

derivatives of f follow this same pattern.

Then, we obtain the Maclaurin series of

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 Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.
Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13: 978-0-

534-46579-7

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