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    Chicago School

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    Shiwangi Saha
    The document discusses the Chicago School of architecture that flourished between the 1880s and 1890s. It emerged as Chicago rapidly grew into a boomtown after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Chicago School pioneered tall, steel-framed skyscrapers to efficiently use increasingly valuable downtown land. Key architects included H.H. Richardson, Burnham and Root, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. Their buildings featured new construction technologies like steel frames, elevators, and terra cotta cladding, as well as stylistic elements like the Chicago window and horizontal divisions that emphasized function over ornamentation. The Chicago School established many modern architectural principles and was pivotal in the development of the skyscraper.

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    Chicago School

    Uploaded by

    Shiwangi Saha
    37 views15 pages
    The document discusses the Chicago School of architecture that flourished between the 1880s and 1890s. It emerged as Chicago rapidly grew into a boomtown after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Chicago School pioneered tall, steel-framed skyscrapers to efficiently use increasingly valuable downtown land. Key architects included H.H. Richardson, Burnham and Root, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. Their buildings featured new construction technologies like steel frames, elevators, and terra cotta cladding, as well as stylistic elements like the Chicago window and horizontal divisions that emphasized function over ornamentation. The Chicago School established many modern architectural principles and was pivotal in the development of the skyscraper.

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    Chicago School - revolution in Architecture

    Original Title

    CHICAGO SCHOOL (1)

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    The document discusses the Chicago School of architecture that flourished between the 1880s and 1890s. It emerged as Chicago rapidly grew into a boomtown after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Chicago School pioneered tall, steel-framed skyscrapers to efficiently use increasingly valuable downtown land. Key architects included H.H. Richardson, Burnham and Root, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. Their buildings featured new construction technologies like steel frames, elevators, and terra cotta cladding, as well as stylistic elements like the Chicago window and horizontal divisions that emphasized function over ornamentation. The Chicago School established many modern architectural principles and was pivotal in the development of the skyscraper.

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    37 views15 pages

    Chicago School

    Uploaded by

    Shiwangi Saha
    The document discusses the Chicago School of architecture that flourished between the 1880s and 1890s. It emerged as Chicago rapidly grew into a boomtown after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Chicago School pioneered tall, steel-framed skyscrapers to efficiently use increasingly valuable downtown land. Key architects included H.H. Richardson, Burnham and Root, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. Their buildings featured new construction technologies like steel frames, elevators, and terra cotta cladding, as well as stylistic elements like the Chicago window and horizontal divisions that emphasized function over ornamentation. The Chicago School established many modern architectural principles and was pivotal in the development of the skyscraper.

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    of 15

    THE CHICAGO SCHOOL

    Submitted By :-

    SANJOLI MANGAL {29}


    ADITI JAIN {31}
    SHIWANGI SAHA {34}
    Architecture: The First Chicago School
    It is no mere accident that in the 1880s Chicago produced a group of architects, now known
    as the “First Chicago School,” whose work would have a profound effect upon architecture.

    Within a decade after the fire of 1871, Chicago was a boomtown. By 1890 it had a population
    of more than a million people and had surpassed Philadelphia to become the second-largest
    metropolis in the United States. The value of land in the Loop soared. Quickly, the low
    buildings constructed just after the fire were seen as an inefficient use of valuable space.

    Chicago was ready to experiment with daring solutions. The city that had stood at the center
    of innovations like the Pullman sleeping car, the McCormick reaper, and mail-order retailing
    would now be the place where the tall office building would be perfected. One of the keys to
    this development was the invention of the elevator. Chicago had a special problem, however:
    it stood upon a swamp.
    Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic
    Functionalism)
     

    Chicago, has been called the “birthplace of modern architecture.”


    • Flourished between 1880's & 90's
    • Chicago became the centre of architectural progress in USA from 1880s onwards
    • Closely associated with tall multistoried office buildings
    • In early 19th century rapidly growing cities of America had intense pressure on land due to
    urbanization, buildings mass went vertical to accommodate the demand.
    Architects & Their Works

    H.H. Richardson - Marshall Field Store (1885-'87)

    Burnham and Root - Monadnock Building (1889-'91)

    Daniel Burnham and Company - Reliance Building, (1894-95)

    Holabird and Roche - Marquette Building (1893-'94); 325, West Jackson Boulevard Building
    (1904)

    Adler and Sullivan - Auditorium Building (1887-'89); Walker Warehouse (1888-'89); Carson-Pirie-
    Scott Store (1899-1904)

    Henry Louis Sullivan-Guaranty (Prudential Building (1895)


    HERNRY HOBSON RICHARDSON
     
    • "Last Great Traditional Architect"-founded the path of American modernism. He was the
    precursor of Chicago School of Thought
     
    Rhythm, monumentality, Stone skeleton Horizontal division> adaptation of classism Horizontal
    lines of Chicago school
     

    Marshall Field Store, Chicago (1885-87, demolished 1930)


    WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN
    ROCHE 

    Breaking into three horizontal parts to reduce the


    verticality of the building
     
    Influence of Classical Greek Architecture:
     
    Base (ground & 1st floor): Retail shops to
    accommodate > Public space> most accessible
    Shaft / columns: Main office floors (semi-public)
    Capital: at top overhanging cornice for maintenance
     
    Material: terracotta cladding; Steel Frame-structure
    (which allowed larger shop-windows at the ground &
    1st floor and provided a horizontal band of glass
    façade- base)

    Chicago Window . Chicago Savings Bank Building,


    Chicago (1904-05)
    Chicago Window
     
    • Typical style of Chicago School of thought
     
    • Fixed Central Panel
     
    • Smaller Double-hung sash window on the both
    side of
     
    • the fixed central panel
     
    • Some times converted into bay window
     George Herbert Wyman
     
    Skylight
     
    Courtyard
     
    Hydraulic-lift
     
    Open Iron Staircase
     

    > Layout of a
    contemporary office
    building

    Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California (1889-'93)


     George Herbert Wyman
     

    Skylight
     
    Courtyard
     
    Hydraulic-lift
     
    Open Iron Staircase
     

    Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California (1889-'93)


    THE RELIANCE BUILDING, CHICAGO,DANIEL BURNHAM
    • In a time when thick coal smoke blanketed the city and skyscrapers were often maligned for
    casting long shadows on the streets, the architects of the Reliance Building sought to create
    a building that could be "self-cleaning."
    • The glazed terra cotta cladding provided what was thought to be the perfect solution.
    • It was believed to never need cleaning because its smooth surface would allow any dirt to
    wash away in the rain.
    • Though that belief ultimately turned out to be unfounded, it inspired the Reliance Building’s
    most distinct feature, its shining facade of glass and white terra cotta.
    THE RELIANCE BUILDING, CHICAGO

    Open floor plan


    Louis Henry Sullivan - Father of modernism
     
    ● Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (French Architect)- "Architecture must be true according to the
    programme (functional need) and true according to the methods of construction (quality &
    properties of Material)“

    ●  "Form Follows Function"

    ● Architecture must solid, useful, beautiful

    ● Steel frame-structure, High-rise

    ● May not be ornamental in terms of Form like Art Nouveau, but intricate detailing in terracotta
    cladding and cast-iron ornamentations are visible.

    ● Broken the solidity of surface with Art Nouveau style ornamentation


    in places.
    . Carson Pirie Scott Department
    Store,Chicago (1899-1994)
    Guaranty Building, Chicago (1895)
    Chicago school with Art
     Also called Prudential building Nouveau style ornamentation
    SOURCES

    • The Chicago School of ArchitectureBook by Carl W. Condit


    • http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/62.html
    • https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Chicago_School_of_Architectur
    e/5S6_919wx6wC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
    • https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/
    reliance-building/
    • https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chicago-School-architecture
    • https://youtu.be/mQJoBAEFS5I
    THANK YOU

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