01 Euclidean Geometry

EUCLIDEAN
GEOMETRY
GED0103 – Mathematics in the Modern World

Department of Mathematics, Institute of Arts and Sciences,
Far Eastern University, Sampaloc, Manila

First Semester, A.Y. 2020 – 2021
Outline
◦ Geometry
◦ Development of geometry
◦ Euclid’s definitions
◦ Axioms, postulates and theories
◦ Euclidean geometry
- Euclid
- Euclidean axioms
- Euclidean postulates
◦ References
Geometry
Comes from the Greek word GEOMETREIN which means EARTH
(geo) and TO MEASURE (metrein).
Has been used for several centuries already in agriculture and
construction which makes it to be one of the oldest branches of
mathematics
It fundamentally deals with size, shape and position of two-dimensional
plane figures (e.g. triangles, circles) and three-dimensional objects (e.g.
cubes, spheres).
Development of geometry
◦ Thales of Miletus
◦ Thales is the first known Greek mathematician who lived from 624 BC to 547 BC in Turkey. He is credited for
results in Elementary Geometry. Some of these include: a circle is bisected by a diameter, the base angles of an
isosceles triangle are equal and an angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
◦ Pythagoras of Samos
Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher who lived from 529 BC to 475 BC. He is most known for his geometric
theorem, The Pythagoras theorem.
◦ Socrates
Socrates was a Greek philosopher lived from about 470 BC to 399 BC. He was the credited as being one of the
founders of Western philosophy. He began the earliest recording works on both mathematics and science.
◦ Hippocrates of Chios
This mathematician was born in 470 BC and died in 410 BC. He was the first Greek mathematician who worked
on squaring the circle
◦ Plato
Plato was born in about 428 BC and died in about 348 BC. Plato's work led to many discoveries in both mathematics
and sciences. He also founded the Academy in Athens.
◦ Euclid of Alexandria
Euclid was born in about 325 BC and died in about 265 BC. Euclid is referred to as The Father of Geometry
and is best known for his publication of The Elements.
◦ Archimedes of Syracuse
◦ Archimedes was born in 287 BC and died in 212 BC in Sicily. He is most noted for his book, Measurement of a
Circle, where he discussed his calculations of pi.
◦ Hipparchus of Rhodes
This famous geometer was born in 190 BC and died in 120 BC. He had a method of solving spherical
triangles and also made an early formulation of trigonometry.
◦ Hypatia of Alexandria
◦ Hypatia was the first recorded female mathematician who lived from 370 AD to 415 AD. She worked on conics
which later led to ideas of ellipses, hyperbolas and parabolas.
◦ Aryabhata
This mathematician was born in India and lived from 476 AD to 550 AD. He worked with sine and
cosine as well as introduced the idea of translations of objects when working with spheres and pyramids.
◦ Al-Batani
This mathematician was born in Mesopotamia in 850 AD and died in Iraq in 929 AD. Thanks to his astronomy
knowledge he was able to discover the trigonometric function cotangent as well as trigonometric formulas for right
angled triangles.
◦ Rene Descartes
Descartes was born in France on March 31, 1596 and died in Sweden on February 11, 1650. His greatest
contribution to math was through analytic geometry where algebra is applied to geometry. He developed a
coordinate system as a way to locate points on a plane.
◦ Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Gauss was a German mathematician born on April 30, 1777 and died on February 23, 1885. He is created for the
discovery of non-Euclidean geometries where the fifth postulate is replaced with a negation instead.
◦ Maurits Cornelius Escher

Escher was born on June 17, 1898 and died on March 27, 1972. Escher was a graphic artist whose work was
heavily inspired by Math. He created impossible constructions as well as tessellations.
◦ Harold Coxeter
Coxeter was born on February 9, 1907 and died on March 31, 2003. He was most noted for his work on regular
polytopes and higher-dimensional geometries. He also the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra.
◦ Benoit Mandelbrot
He was born on November 20, 1924 and died on October 14, 2014. He worked a lot with fractal geometry and later
on he discovered something called Mandelbrot set. This set contained never ending fractal shapes.
Euclid’s definitions
1. A point is that which has no part.
2. A line is breadthless length.
3. The ends of a line are points.
4. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
5. A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6. The edges of a surface are lines.
7. A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.
Axioms, postulates and theorems
◦ Axioms and postulates are universal truth; meaning they cannot be proved
Examples: 3+3=6
5 comes after 4
◦ Postulates are used for universal truth in geometry while axioms are used everywhere.
◦ Theorems are statements which can be proved.
Example: Pythagoras theorem
Euclidean geometry
Euclid
 Greek Eukleides, sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria
 a teacher of mathematics who explained geometry and its concepts
 flourished c. 300 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt
 most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best
known for his treatise on geometry -- the Elements
Euclid’s axioms
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
Example: If area of triangle 1 equals to area of triangle 2, and area of triangle 2 equals to area of
triangle 3, then area of triangle 1 equals to area of triangle 3.
2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

3. equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
Example: Two things as identical must be equal. Since line l1 and line l2 are identical, they are
equal.
Euclid’s axioms
5. The whole is greater than a part.
Example: This gives the definition of greater than. Blue triangle > Green triangle
6. Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
7. Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
Euclid’s postulates
Euclid’s five postulates Characteristics
1.One can draw a straight line from any point to any 1. Deductive science
point.
2. Visualization
2.One can produce a finite straight line continuously
in a straight line. 3. Intuition
3.One can describe a circle with any center and radius. 4. Practical
4.All right angles equal one another.
5.If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes
the interior angles on the same side less than two
right angles, the two straight lines, if produced
indefinitely, meet on that side on which the angles
are less than two right angles.
1. One can draw a straight line from any point to any point.
2. One can produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight line.
A
3. One can describe a circle with any center and radius.
Circle of radius 1.5 cm with center at (0,0)
Circle of radius 2 cm with center at (0,0)
Circle of radius 1 cm with center at (1,1)
4. All right angles equal one another.
angle B = angle Q = 90°
5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the
same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced
indefinitely, meet on that side on which the angles are less than two right
angles.
Here, two right angles means 180°.

If angle 1 plus angle 2 is less than 180°
(i.e. ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 < 180°),
then line AB and line CD meet on left side of line PQ.
References
◦ https://www.slideshare.net/srishtigarg7524/historical-events-in-geometry
◦ https://slideplayer.com/slide/6336421/
◦ http://mphitchman.com/geometry/section1-2.html
◦ https://prezi.com/ctuhhacflvui/timeline-on-history-and-development-of-geometry/
◦ https://www.teachoo.com/7271/842/Euclid-s-axioms/category/Axioms/
◦ https://www.teachoo.com/7274/843/Euclid-s-postulates/category/Postulates/
◦ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid

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EUCLIDEAN

◦ Maurits Cornelius Escher

2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

Here, two right angles means 180°.

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