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Energy Utilization and Audit: Chemical Engineering Dept. Wolkite University

1. The document discusses fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics including the study of energy transformations, conservation of energy, and definitions of closed, open, and isolated systems. 2. It also covers thermodynamic properties, states, equilibrium, processes, cycles, and the four laws of thermodynamics with a focus on the first law regarding conservation of total energy. 3. Key concepts include the various forms of energy, definitions of extensive and intensive properties, and mathematical expressions of the first law relating changes in internal energy to heat and work.

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161 views14 pages

Energy Utilization and Audit: Chemical Engineering Dept. Wolkite University

1. The document discusses fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics including the study of energy transformations, conservation of energy, and definitions of closed, open, and isolated systems. 2. It also covers thermodynamic properties, states, equilibrium, processes, cycles, and the four laws of thermodynamics with a focus on the first law regarding conservation of total energy. 3. Key concepts include the various forms of energy, definitions of extensive and intensive properties, and mathematical expressions of the first law relating changes in internal energy to heat and work.

Uploaded by

Getasew Tesfa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy utilization and Audit

Chemical engineering Dept.


Wolkite university

2013 EC.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

• The study of thermodynamics is concerned with the ways energy is stored within a
body and how energy transformations, which involve heat and work, may take place.
• One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy principle.
• It simply states that during an energy interaction, energy can change from one form to
another but the total amount of energy remains constant. That is, energy cannot be
created or destroyed.
Closed, Open, and Isolated Systems
A thermodynamic system, or simply system, is defined as a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.
• The region outside the system is called the surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called
the boundary. The boundary of a system may be fixed or movable.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics
• Surroundings are physical space outside the system boundary.

• Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed


mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study.
A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass may cross the
system boundary. The closed system boundary may move.
• Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks and piston cylinder devices. However,
energy in the form of heat and work may cross the boundaries of a closed system.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

An open system, or control volume, has mass as well as energy


crossing the boundary, called a control surface. Examples of open
systems are pumps, compressors, turbines, valves, and heat
exchangers.
An isolated system is a general system of fixed mass where no heat
or work may cross the boundaries. An isolated system is a closed
system with no energy crossing the boundaries and is normally a
collection of a main system and its surroundings that are exchanging
mass and energy among themselves and no other system.
Rigid system: A closed system that communicates with the
surroundings by heat only
Energy
• In thermodynamics, we deal with change of the total energy only.
 Total energy of a system has two groups: macroscopic and
microscopic.
• Macroscopic energy: forms of energy that a system posses as a whole
with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and
potential energy. The macroscopic energy of a system is related to
motion and the influence of some external effects such as gravity,
magnetism, electricity, and surface tension.
• The kinetic energy KE exists as a result of the system's motion
relative to an external reference frame.
• The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a
gravitational field relative to the external reference frame is called
potential energy PE and is expressed as
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

• Microscopic forms of energy: are those related to molecular structure of a system.


They are independent of outside reference frames. The sum of microscopic energy is
called the internal energy, U.

• The internal energy U is that energy associated with the molecular structure of a
system and the degree of the molecular activity.
• The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies:

• where the contributions of magnetic, electric, nuclear energy are


neglected. Internal energy is related to the molecular structure and the
degree of molecular activity and it may be viewed as the sum of the kinetic
and potential energies of molecules.  
• The sum of translational, vibrational, and rotational energies of
molecules is the kinetic energy of molecules, and it is also called the
sensible energy. At higher temperatures, system will have higher
sensible energy.
• Internal energy associated with the phase of a system is called
latent heat. The intermolecular forces are strongest in solids and
weakest in gases. 
• The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule
is called chemical or bond energy.  The tremendous amount of
energy associated with the bonds within the nucleolus of atom itself
is called atomic energy.   Energy interactions with a closed system
can occur via heat transfer and work
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics
Property
• Any characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a property. The property is independent of the
path used to arrive at the system condition.
• Some thermodynamic properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.

 Extensive properties are those that vary directly with size or amount of the system.
Some Extensive Properties
a. mass
b. volume
c. total energy
d. mass dependent property
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of size.
Some Intensive Properties
a. temperature
b. pressure
c. age
d. color
e. any mass independent property
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

State, Equilibrium, Process, and Properties


State:
Consider a system that is not undergoing any change. The properties can be
measured or calculated throughout the entire system. This gives us a set of
properties that completely describe the condition or state of the system. At a given
state all of the properties are known; changing one property changes the state.
Equilibrium:
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if it maintains thermal
(uniform temperature), mechanical (uniform pressure), phase (the mass of two
phases, e.g., ice and liquid water, in equilibrium) and chemical equilibrium.
Process:
Any change from one state to another is called a process.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics
In some processes one thermodynamic property is held constant
while others are varying.
isobaric pressure
isothermal temperature
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

Cycle
A process (or a series of connected processes) with identical end
states is called a cycle. Below is a cycle composed of two
processes, A and B. Along process A, the pressure and volume
change from state 1 to state 2.
Then to complete the cycle, the pressure and
volume change from state 2 back to the
initial state 1 along process B. Keep in mind
that all other thermodynamic properties
must also change so that the pressure is a
function of volume as described by these two
processes.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

Thermodynamic laws
Thermodynamic laws are formulated based on experience and experiment.
In general, the laws are four. The first two laws are related with energy.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
A system in thermal equilibrium is a system whose macroscopic
properties (like pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) are not changing in
time. And two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium when (1)
both of the systems are in a state of equilibrium; and (2) they remain
so when they are brought into contact, where 'contact' is meant to
imply the possibility of exchanging heat, but not work or particles.
Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics


• Energy assumes many forms, however, the total energy is constant,
In the most basic mathematical form:
(energy of the system) + (energy of the surrounding) = 0
• In applications of the first law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy must be
considered, including the internal energy. For an isolated system, the first law
requires that its energy be constant. For a closed (but not isolated) system, the first law
requires that energy changes of the system be exactly compensated by energy
changes in the surroundings.
• Energy is exchanged between such a system and its surroundings in two forms: heat
and work.
• When applied to closed (constant-mass) systems for which the only form of energy that
changes is the internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics is expressed
mathematically as

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