ECEN 615

Methods of Electric Power

Systems Analysis
Lecture 1: Power Systems Overview

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas A&M University
[email protected]
Course Mechanics
• In Fall 2020 ECEN 615 was suppose to be offered both
live on campus and distance learning
• Now it is offered live via Zoom and distance learning,
with students from both sections able to participate
synchronously from 8 to 915am (Central Time) Tuesday
and Thursday
– I’ll be emailing out the Zoom link to all the registered students
• The course has a public website as well as a private
Canvas website
– We’ll post all material on Canvas, including the Zoom lectures
– Much material will be on the public website, included the ppts
of the lectures, but not the Zoom recordings
2
Syllabus Material
• The syllabus is posted in several locations
• The public website is
– overbye.engr.tamu.edu/ecen-615-fall-2020/
• Assumed background is an undergrad power class
• The course will have homework and probably a
project, as well as two in class exams
– The final grade is 35% for the first exam, 35% for the second
exam, and 30% for the homework and project
• The book is A. J. Wood, B. F.Wollenberg, G. B.
Sheble, Power Generation, Operation and Control,
Third Edition, Wiley, 2013, ISBN-13: 978-
0471790556. 3
Canvas
• Starting this year Texas A&M is transitioning to a new
learning management system (LMS) known as Canvas
• We’ll be using Canvas for ECEN 615 this semester,
though I’m not sure yet which features we’ll be using
• The login for Canvas is at lms.tamu.edu
• There is training available on the site, and I think
you’ll find it fairly intuitive
• Canvas will not become active for ECEN 615 until the
first day of class

4
About Me: Professional
• Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University of
Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)
• Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility
(Madison Gas & Electric)
• Was at UIUC from 1991 to 2016, doing teaching and doing
research in the area of electric power systems
• Joined TAMU in January 2017
• Taught many power systems classes over last 29 years
• Developed commercial power system analysis package, known
now as PowerWorld Simulator. This package has been sold to
about 600 different corporate entities worldwide
• DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout
• Member US National Academy of Engineering
5
About Me: TAMU Research Group

6
TAMU Energy and Power Group (EPG)

7
Electric Grid Control Room at CIR

8
About Me: Nonprofessional
• Married to Jo
• Have three children: Tim,
Hannah and Amanda
• We homeschooled our kids
with Tim now a PhD student
at TAMU, Hannah working at Stanford,
and Amanda a junior at Belmont in
environmental sciences
• Jo just finished a master’s in counseling,
we attend Grace Bible Church in
College Station (and teach the 3rd and 4th
graders sometimes); I am the faculty
advisor for Christian Engineering Leaders; I also like swimming,
biking and watching football (Aggies and Packers!) 9
Announcements
• Start reading Chapters 1 to 3 from the book (mostly
background material)
• We’ll be using PowerWorld Simulator fairly
extensively in this class, both the educational and
professional versions
• Download the free 42 bus educational versions of
PowerWorld Simulator at
https://www.powerworld.com/gloveroverbyesarma

10
Course Topics
• Introduction to Power Systems
• Overview of Power System Modeling and Operation
• Power Flow
• Sparse Matrices in Power System Analysis
• Sensitivity Analysis and Equivalents
• Power System Data Analytics and Visualization
• Optimal Power Flow and Power Markets
• Power System State Estimation
• High Impact, Low Frequency Events

11
ECEN 615 Motivation: A Vision for a
Long-Term Sustainable Electric Future
• In 2000 the US National Academy of Engineering
(NAE) named Electrification (the vast networks of
electricity that power the developed world) as the top
engineering technology of the 20th century
– Beating automobiles (2), airplanes (3),
water (4), electronics (5)
– Electricity has changed the world!
• For the 21th century the winner
could be “Development of a
sustainable and resilient
electric infrastructure for the
entire world”
12
Power System Examples
• Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an
island, to one covering half the continent
– there are four major interconnected ac power systems in
North American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is used in
some other countries.
• Microgrids can power smaller areas (like a campus)
and can be optionally connected to the main grid
• Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
• Ships and submarines
• Automobiles: dc 12 V standard; 360-376 V for electric
• Battery operated portable systems 13
Electric Grid Overview
• Generation – source of electric energy
– Coal had provided over half of the U.S. electric energy, but
now natural gas leads, with renewable sources rapidly
growing
• Load – consumes electric energy
– Consumers are in complete control of the switch; utilities
must supply enough power to meet load
• Transmission and Distribution – the wires that carry
the power from generation to load
– Operating at voltages up to 765 kV (kilovolt), with 500 kV,
345 kV and 230 kV common
Major Power Grid Components

The
distribution
system is the
source of
most
outages, but
these are
almost
always
small-scale
events

15
Electric Grid Time Frames

Image: Sauer, P.W., M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Stripes Publishing, 2007

16
Power and Energy
• Power is the instantaneous transfer of energy;
expressed in watts (W), kW, MW, GW
– US installed generation capacity is about 1000 GW
• Energy is the integration of power over time;
expressed in units of joules (J = 1 W-sec), kWh (3.6 x
106 J), or btu (1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh)
• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 4100 billion
kWh (about 12,500 kWh per person; 1.4 kW
continuous per person on average)

17
AC System Analysis
• The power grid is an ac system, operating at close to
60 Hz in North America, 50 Hz in many other places
• Constant frequency ac systems are analyzed using
phasor analysis, which expresses a time varying value,
such as a voltage or current, as a magnitude and phase
angle
– v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)  Vrms q v
– Phase angle is always with respect to an arbitrary reference
angle

18
Three-Phase Systems
• Essentially all large-scale electric grids are three-phase
– Three wires, with the same voltage magnitude and a phase
shift of 120 degrees
• Usually the high voltage
electric grid is “balanced,”
– This means that it can be very
well modeled as an equivalent
single-phase system
– The three-phase lines are often
shown with a single line, what
is known as a oneline
Synchronous Electric Grids
• Much of the electricity in the developed world is
supplied by large-scale, 60 or 50 Hz synchronous
electric grids
– Such grids can provide improved reliability, larger electricity
markets and often economics of scale
– However, they add planning complexities
– Power can be transferred between synchronous grids by first
converting it to dc, with HVDC lines one example
• Islands, and other parts of the world are supplied by
smaller electric grids

20
North America Interconnections

21
All Three US Grids Are 60 Hz, But Are
Not Usually At the Same Value
• Images show the frequency during the 2020 Super
Bowl

Image from Prof. Mack Grady of Baylor University

22
Continental US Transmission Grid
The Continental US Grid is interconnected with
Canada and parts of Mexico

23
Electric Interconnections in Texas

Source: www.puc.texas.gov/industry/maps/maps/ERCOT.pdf 24
North America Electric Grid Model
Gordon M. Shru m
Peac e Canyon

EDD7

Limest one (M H)

L ong Spr uce

Ra di sso n

Kels ey

Br is ay

Churchill Falls
Ke mano

W u s k w a t im

L af o r g e 1 [L A 1]

Generation
Ti ll y

La Gr ande 3

La Grande 2A
La Gr ande 1

E. B. Ca m p b e l

Sundance

Ke e ph i ll s
Ge ne se e

L lo y d m in s t e r

Nip awin
La R o m a in e 3

Mica
G r an d R a p id s ( M H)
L a R o m a in e I I

Battle Riv er
East main-1

Saint e-M arguer it e-3

M
Mani c 5
a n ic 5 - P a

Bedding

Revelstoke Shee rness

SS

G r os M or n e

C h u t e - d es - P a s s es Ou t a r d e s 3

M a n ic o u a g a n

M M c aC on icr m 1 ic k
B e r s im is 1
O u t ar d es 2
B e r s im is 2

S w if t C u r r en t

Kipling

K o o t en ay C an a l

T e r r e l Cr e e k A b it ib i C a n y o n

Le Plat

F r e d o n ia ( PS PL )
B e le d u n e ( N BP O )
Seven
W ax M ile
Bo undary I s le M a lig n e

B r an d o n Por t -Alf r ed

Shand Lingan
Poplar River

Chief J os eph
Wells (DOPD) L ib b y - P A CI F Boun dar y Dam
Grand Coulee
Hu n g r y Ho r se

Roc ky Reac h
No x o n R a p id s

La n ca s t er L a T u qu e

B ea u pr T

Centralia ( TRAENE)

Napavine

Wanapum
M o ss y ro c k

M a c t a q ua c

Prie st Rap ids

B eaver
Lo w er No t ch

A she L ow er M o n um e n t a l
Lower Gr an it e
Swif t Lit t le Goos e Ph

Ga rris on
D wo r s h a k
Ic e H ar b o r
Antelope Valley ( BEPC) Coal Creek

Lela nd Old s T uf t s Co v e
Coy ote C la y Bo s w e l E n e r g y C en t e r
Point Lepre au
Bonnevile
C o yo t e
M c Na ry
S p r in g s
Oliv er Wind I I
Th e Dalles Ph J oh n Day Ph
He r m is t o n Po we r Pr o j e c t
D es J o a c h im s
B o aG r da m
s s al n d ( P GE )

W e ls ( G L H I F)
P r e s q ue I s le

Car ilon

Bea uharnois - Ouest

Henv ey B uc k s p or t

H e ls C a n yo n

C o lstri p R. MH. o sSaunder

e s P o w esr
J a y Hy d r o
Robe rt D a m R um f or d
R ou n d But t e

No r th e n d
Ox b o w ( I D P C )

Brownlee

Yar mouth
Sherburne
Mont icello (NMC )
Alpine
Big Stone

King
R iv e r s id e ( N SP )

High Bridge G a r d n e r W Pea sr t k o n ( P4r o p o s e d )

Lang ley

B lu e
Bla ck Dog
L ak e
C h e m o lit e
I n v e r Hils
Br u ce
N e w in g t o n E ne r g y C e n t er
Pullia m
Prair ie Isla nd
Darlington ( OPG)

Dr y Wyodak
F orkS t a t io n
Oahe
Fa ribalt
C a n n on F a ls

Point Beach
Pickering N in e
Scrib
J am es
I n d ep e n de nc eS t a t ioa
M ile
A
P o in t
Fit z pat rick
( CO O P SE )
n ( S it h e )
Se ab rook
F ox En e r g y C e n t er ( K au k a u n a) AES Granit e Ridge
Os wego Har bor
Alm a Neenah

Halt on
Ginna

B ig Be nd Pr o j e c t
Ludington AES Som ers et

Da n E. K a rn Bear Swam p
Northf ield M ount ain My stic
K en da l S qu a r e
M id la n d C o g e n e r a t io n V en t ur e ( M CV ) Reynolds
N ia g a r a W e s t
E d g e wa t e r ( W PL )
RoSibert
r Adam
Mo ses
BeckNia1gara B e t h le h e m En er g y C e nt er
Ed gar
K la m a t h F a ls

JM C
L a k e f ie ld U t ilt ie s
Blen heim- Gilbo a S t o ny B r o ok
Genoa Colum bia ( W PL)
A ng us An s o n
Po rt W a s h in g t o n ( W E P) Greenwood AE S C ay u g a
M a s s p ow er Blackst one (ANP) M P LP
Saukvile O ce a n S ta t e P o we r
R e n a is s a n c e P o we r P ro j e c t A t h en s Ge n e r a t in g P la n t

B e r k s h ir e P o we r FRSQ Canal (M IRNE)

Lansin g Lake Roa d (LAROGE)
G e r m a n t o wn
Conc ord C a r g il S a lt I nc
Ris e

V a le y ( W EP )
St. Cver
Belle Ri la i r
J. H. Cam pbell (CEC) Dean
Em er y
M ir a n t Z e e la n d Ge n e r a t in g P la n t
F ort Ra n d a l
John ston
Oak Creek Nort h M id d le t o w n (NRG)

U n iv e r s it y

Par is Ro se ton
Da n s k a m m e r
T o wa n t ic E ne r gy Ce nte r

R iv e r s id e E n er gy C en t e r
De a rb o r n I n d u s t r ia l Ge n e r a t io n LL C Eas t Towanda CPV Valle y Millstone
W a u ke g a n (M I D GE N ) C ov ert
Palisades ( NM C)
Plym outh Judd
Tr e nton C ha n n e l
Se n ec a - C EI L ac k a w an na
In dia n Point 3
M ilf ord (CPV I)

Shast a
F e rm i Perr y ( FINUOP)
Ra un M onroe ( DETED) SHI C P ort J e f f er s o n

N a u g ht on
Lar amie River No rth port
Holt s vile
C a it h n e s s

By ro n (E XGEN) Donald C. Cook

Duane Ar nold Saeg erst own Rd.
Bridger Susquehanna
K it t a t in n y

Ber gen (PSEGF)

M ar s hallt own
Avon Lake
Monto u r As tor iaRai
SCS
Gas
ney 138
Tur bines
V er non Boule var d
P r a ir ie Cr e e k Tap E ss ex
K e a r n yE a ( sPt S ER GF
Yo r k St .
iv e ) r

North Valm y M ic h ig a n S tC .it y J o s e p h E n er gy Ce n t e r Gowanus E .

B ayonne F . Ba r r e t t
Lem oyne Shawvile L in d e n C o g e n P la n t ( E C OA S T )
Nels on W h it in g R e f in e r y ( W CE ) Linden ( PSEGF)
W. Frem ont
Quad
C o r Ci
d to vie as (
E nEXGEN)
e rgy
W il C o u n t y
Lords town
Coron a Fr es h Kils
Sewar en
Steel Cit y
G ilb e r t ( R RI )
Joliet 29 AES
SoutRed
h RivOak
er
K e n d al C ou nt y J olPietr o 9
j e ct

Dresden
Schahfer
La SalleBraidwood
H e n n e p in
Keys tone ( RRI)
L ouisa (M IDAM ) Sout h Be nd AE S I ronwood
Nort h Om aha AA2-
Lim115
er ick 500 kV s ub
F o rd
9 Sub
Co nvoy B eMaansf
v eierld (FIRGEN
Va ll e) y Sp
Cherinsw
gdal
ic ke H omer City
Tap Counc il Bluf f s Car r oll Count y
E d wa r d H ya t t Gent lem an
Sa rp y Co un t y S am m is Br u n o t I s la n d C o ne m a u gh
S ew a r d ( RRI)

Ot tumwa - I ES PPL Brun ner I sla nd

PrE dindt yzs t o n e

Colb

Tidd
Tr a c y & C la r k M o u n t a in
Ca s s C ou n t y Ke y s t o ne
Yukon Sa f e Ha r b o r
B r id g e p o r t
Penny Hil
Colgate Lakes ide Hay Road
Hunter s town Fa ce R oc k Edgem oor
Cr aig (TSGT) Hayden Pe aMchuddy
B ottom
Run
D e lt a P o wer P la n t
C ha m be r s

S ut t e r P o wer P la n t
Edwar ds C o ne sv ill e Conowingo
Nebr aska Cit y - NEB Po wer t o n G e n e r a t in g S t a t io n
D r es d en E ne r gy Ce nte r
The Geysers Gib s o n C it y
Salem
H op e C r e e( kPSEG
( P N)
S E GN )
Du c k Cr e e k Ron co
Be ver ly
Bonanza
F or t C h u r c h il
Cu r r a nt C r ee k
Kam m e r
Fort St . Vra in For tLongvi
M arti
ewn Pow
( MerONG)
B e a ve r C r e ek Havana
Pawnee Cooper S tation
Clinton ( AM ERGEN)
S p Rin od cle k yHil M
E n oe ru ng ty a in Ene rg y C en t e r C a r t a n za

Br an don Shores
I nt erm oun tain Generating Cayuga
W a t e r fo r d En er g y C e n t er
Dic ker son
P la in s End

Cher oke e ( PSCO) St ought on s

Oa k Gr o v e
H arrison Belm ont
Hunt ingt on M ount St orm
C os um ne s ( SM U D)
Dallm an
S h ilo h I I Pr it c h Front Royal
M a d is o n WGe o no edr s ad t a inle g S t a t io n
Cro c k e tt C o ge n

Hunt er Pla nt
L o Ds e M
P it t s b u r g ( M I R )
GaMtew
ar ay
shla(P
ndG)
lt a e Ed na en r o gs y E Cn ee nr tg ey r C ( e C
n Pt Ne )r Ki nca i d
C o lie r v ile
Sugar Creek
Thom as Hil Chalk Po int
V3

Gavin
S h e lb y v ile M ountaineer
Pot rer o P oss um Point
D e lt a Pum ps M e lo n e s Ia t an La wM ia m i Fort
r enceburg Ky ger Cree k Ca lv e rt C liff s
Holla nd Ener gy
Tra c y ( T R V A PO )
M or gantown
Eas t Shor e
H ic k o r y J ef f r ey Ener gy Cente r E as t Bend
W. H. Zim m er
Cof f een
Hawt hor n
Sp urlo ck
Ghent
N or t he a s t (K CPL )
L os E st e ro s Newton

Amos
Clif ty Cr eek St uart ( DP&L) Ha n g in g Roc k E n e r gy F a c ilt y
Sioux Edwar ds port

Ba th C ou nty North Anna

M e t c a lf E ne r gy Ce nte r Tr im ble County ( LGE C) Four Riv er
Phil G r a ng s t o n

B ul Cr e e k
Ca laway ( UNIEL) V e n ic e (UNI E L )
Buckner
Pet e 1 ( IP&L)
C PV C u n n in g h a m Cr e e k

S. Ha r r is o n v ile Labadie
Gi bson (P SI) Ga la g h e r Bear Ga rden
M er am ec
M os s L a n d in g ( D UE N N O) E as t woo d

Com a n ch e E m p o r ia P e a k in g P la n t
Cane Ru n

La cyg n e
P r a ir ie S ta te E n er gy C am pu s
Ches t erf ield
M il Cre ek (LGEC)
Baldwin Energy Com plex J. K. Sm it h
Wolf Cre ek (WCNOC) Rus h Isla nd
L a s A g u ila s
Rock port ( I NM I )
S urry
War
C ulleriyck Br own (KUC)
He lm Br own (SIGE)
S m it h ( OM U)

Ho lcom b

Reid
G o r d on Ev a n s
G r a nd T o we r M a r io n (S I PC) Sm it h M ount ain
Clover Br un swick County
Gr e e n s v ile Po wer S t a t io n
Ta um S au k

Gle n Canyon Vir gin ia Cit y

C la r k Co un t y Paradi
P aradi
se s(TVA)
e
C lin c h R iv e r J o hn H Ke rr
M O AP A
T helma
Joppa Steam Cooper
Har ry Alle n M ayo
Silver
APEX
PLAYA
hawk
Charle s L enzie Shawn ee ( TVA)
Dan River
Ro xb oro (CP L C )
W o lf Hils
S o ut hw e s t I I
Sa n Juan 345
R o c k in g h a m Po we r P la n t
S t a t e lin e ( EM D E)
Four Corn ers ( AZPS)
Cla rk (NEVP)
S ik e s t o n
Be le ws Cre e k
Hoove r AZ
NV
J ohn Sevier
Dia b lo C a ny o n Om ar
PSE
C o p pMe r e r Mc hoaunn t t a in St F r a n c is
New M adrid
S u n r is e P o we r Pro j e c t P r im m
Cum ber land ( TVA) Galla tin (PRI)
Bighor n
I vanpah
S oone r Nor theas ter n
B u l S h o a ls
Bull Run (TVA)
R ow an Co un t y En e r gy C o m p le x
Harr is ( CPLC)
Buck ( DUPC)
CPCW es t
C PCEast Wayne Lee
Edm
Pasons
t oriton
a Alt a F lin t C r ee k ( SW E P) K ing st on M ar sha l (DUPC)
ChoRuteau
Gr a n d
( ASEC)
iv e r D a m ( GR DA )

T u ls a ( PS O K)

McGuire
A v e n u e / K in g b ir d
L inc olnton
Davis
On e t a E ne r g y C en t e r
River side ( PSOK) Ashevile
Cogen Wat t s Bar Nucle ar
Casta ic
F on t an a ( T VA )
G r if f it h E n e r gy Pro j e c t

High Deser t
C l iffsid e
E s c a la n t e B la c k h a w k
Mu sk og e e I ndependen ce
P lu m P o in t E ne r gy S t a t io n C le v e la n d N at u r a l G a s

M il Cr eek S tat ion

Redbud Power Plant B r oa d R iv e r En er gy
Catawba
C e n t er

R ic h m o n d P la n t ( CP L C )

Be a c o n
Se qu oy a h (Tv a )
H o r s e s ho e L ak e
B a d JCre ek
ocasse e
C holla M us t an g

Harr ingt on Rac coon M ount ain

Nic h o ls S t a t io n
Ar kans as Nuc le ar One
Pic kwick
Oconee
El Segundo
S c a t t e r go od Walnut M ouVintai
s tanvie w Power Sutt on
Allen ( TVA)
Lee Station ( DUPC)
S o u t h we s t e r n Sout haven Robins on
Ar cogen A n a d a r k o ( A N D)
Lewis M u r r ayConasauga
E ne r gy F a c ilt y
H ay ne s G e n e r a t in g S t a t io n Dever s Cor onado W h e e le r ( TV A)
M agnolia (M AGNE N) Wils on ( TVA)
Browns Ferry
Car ters
Sem ino le ( OKGE) -1
Sum m Pers
F a ir f ie ld
M o r g a n E n e r g y Ce nt e r Rainey
D ec at u r E n e r gy C e nt er
H a r t w el En er g y L im it e d P a r t ne
Brunswic k (CP LC)

Rocky M ountain M c M e e k in

Bowen
R ic h a r d R us s el

Re d B lu f f Bly the 2 Hot S prings White B l uff B a t e s v ile G e n e r a t io n F a c ilt y

Wa ter ee ( SOCG)

R EP O W E R
E s c o n d id o P e ak er C o lo r a d o R iv e r
Tol k
P la n t X ( SW P S )

McDonough
M o n r oe ( P VI )
Ha rquahala Valle y Ag u a F r ia

Palo Verde
Ok la u n io n ( No r t h HV D C ) Winyah
Cross
W e st P h o e n ix C C4 & CC 5
M
Arl
ingt on
esqui
Redhaw tke Val
1Pow
le&yer
2 Ocotilo
H ug o ( W E F A) U r q uh a r t - S C EG
Kyrene Cope
Sa n ta n
R a n d o lp h
Tuc o
Hem pst ead
Cale donia
MiGorl le
gas
r (AL AP ) Ya tes

Wansley
W a la c e Da m
Hyder
Wilia m s -St
Ot ay M esa I m per ial Valle y Tenas ka Geor gia A lv in W . V ogtle
Yu cc a
La Ros it a Jones St at ion
S un d a nc e ( AZ P S )

S cherer
P r e s id e n t e Jovit (aR o
J u a r ez s a r it o ) C h oc t a w Ga s G e n e r a t io n Gas ton ( ALAP)
Deser t B asin

Moses
R e lia n t E ne r g y C ho c t aw Co un t y
Gerald A ndr us
El Dorado

M us tang Station
W els h ( SWEP)
Ce r r o P r ie t o II P lant Franklin But le r McInto sh
J as per Coun ty

Wilk es
C u n n in g h a m
H o bb s ( S W P S)
St er lington
Perryvile
L u na E ne r g y F a c ilt y Aut augavile

Apac he
Ars ena l Hil
Pir key Lakeover E dwin I. Hatc h

Ba x t e r W ils o n

Newman

R io G ra nde
M PS
L eb r o c k
Dolet Hils Gra n d Gu lf

M oselle Gant t

828 GW of
J oseph M . Far ley

M c I n t o s h - C A ES
Rodem acher

Ba rry (AL AP )
Nort hside
Cocodrie

B ra ndy Br a nc h Ge n e r a t in g S t a t io n
Ar v a h B H o p k in s GEC
Riv er Bend
B ig C a j u n 2 Cris t

Vic t or J. Danie l De e r R iv e r

L a n s in g S m it h ( G U PC ) S. O . P u r d om
Exxon

L e w is Cr e e k
A ca d ia
DOW Cogen
S e m in o le Ge n e r a t in g S t a t io n
Nels on De e r h a v e n
Cottonwood Ener gy PPG

Little t Gypsy

load (omitting
Wa Tafte rford
Pr oj
Ninec
emt ile Point
Sa Conoco
bi ne ( ELA)
Ex x o n M o b il Do w St. C h a r le s

Dynegy

Cit rus Springs

Debar y
Crys tal River Sanf or d ( FLPL)
Cit rus En er gy

Ca pe Canav eral
Stant on Ene rgy Cent er I

Cane Is la nd
Shady Hils

Anc lot e
Te n or oc

ERCOT)
H. L. Culbreath Bays ide
P. L. Bartow
Hines Ene rgy Com ple x
Bi g Be n d Po lk
T ig e r Ba y
Ft. Drum
H ar d ee P ow er S t a t io n - SEC1

Manatee Vandolah
St . Lucie ( FLPL)

Ma rti n (F L PL )

Riv ie ra
Wes t Count
W CE-Sugar
y Energy Cent er

Ft. Myers

N ew L a u d e r d a le
Por t Evergl
Lauderd ale a des

Turk e y P oi nt
 Electric Frequencies and Residential
Voltages Worldwide

Image Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country

#/media/File:World_Map_of_Mains_Voltages_and_Frequencies,_Detailed.svg 26
Historical Electric Utility Organization
• Traditionally electric utilities were vertical
monopolies; within a particular geographic market,
they had an exclusive franchise
– This has changed in many places around the country

In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly by
utility and regulators.

27
Generation
• Large plants have predominated, up to 1500 MW
• Natural Gas (40%) and coal (21%) are most common
sources, followed by nuclear (20%), wind (7.6%),
hydro (6.6%), and solar (2.7%)
– Wood is 1.0%, geothermal 0.4%
Coal was at least 50% of the total up to 2007
• New construction mostly wind, solar and natural gas
(with wind and solar energy costs now quite low)

Sources are by energy (not capacity), 5/2019-4/2020; source US EIA

28
US Electricity Generation

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2019

29
US Generator Capacity Additions
Natural gas and wind
generation additions
in the last decade
dwarfed all other
technologies, but
with solar rapidly
growing. The gas
generation, and low
natural gas prices
were partially
responsible
for the recent
decrease in carbon
dioxide emissions
Sources: www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=25432 30
New Generation May 2020 to April 2021

Sources: EIA Electricity Monthly, May 2020

31
The World: Energy Consumption by
Source

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2018

32
US Wind Capacity by State

Total wind
capacity
is now 107
GW
(compared
to a total US
capacity of
about 1000
GW)
Source: AWEA 1st Quarter 2020 Market Report
33
Loads
• Can range in size from less than one watt to 10’s of
MW.
• Loads are usually aggregated.
• The aggregate load changes with time, with strong
daily, weekly and seasonal cycles.

ComEd Yearly Load

34
Example: PJM Weekly
Summer Load Variation, July 2013

35
Example Daily Load Variation:
Very Location Specific

36
Transmission and Distribution
• Goal is to move electric power from generation to
load with low losses.
• Less losses at higher voltages (S=VI* and I2R losses),
but more difficult to insulate.
• Typical high voltage transmission voltages are 765,
500, 345, 230, 161, 138 and 69 kV.
• Lower voltage lines are used for distribution (12.4 or
13.8 kV).
• Typical losses are about 3 to 5% in transmission and
10 to 15% in the distribution system.

37
Transmission & Distribution
• Transmission • Distribution
– networked connections – radial connections
– power can be supplied – power moves in one direction
from multiple sources only
– typically higher voltages, – typically lower voltages, below
above 100 kV 100 kV
– mostly overhead, with – the source of most black-outs,
some underground in urban but these are local
areas – Most new construction is
– Often source of large-scale underground, especially in
blackouts suburban and urban locations

38
Three Phase Transmission Line

39
Transmission Lines and the Elements

Quebec Ice Storm

Ike in Beaumont, Tx
40
Transformers
• Transformers provide an easily means for changing ac
voltage levels
– Power flow through transformers is bi-directional
• Heating is a major concern that can quickly lead to
loss of transformer life (and occasionally explosions!)
• High voltage transformers (say 230 kV and up) are
large, heavy, and difficult to replace

41
A 230/115 kV Transformer

42
Residential Distribution Transformers
• Residential single phase electric service uses a center
tapped transformer to provide 240/120 volt service; a
separate ground is used for safety

43
Per Unit Calculations
• A key problem in analyzing power systems is the
large number of transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually have to refer
impedances to the different sides of the transformers
• This problem is avoided by a normalization of all
variables.
• This normalization is known as per unit analysis
actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity

44
Components Join Together at a Bus

45
Energy Economics
• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff
between fixed costs (costs to build them) and
operating costs
• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating
costs (though cost of solar has decreased substantially
recently)
• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
• Coal, wind, hydro are in between
• Also the units capacity factor is important to
determining ultimate cost of electricity

46
Estimated Energy Costs for New
Generation, 2019 Edition

Source: www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf (February 2019)

47
Estimated Energy Costs for New
Generation, 2020 Edition

48
Natural Gas Prices 1997 to 2020

Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price

in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price; Henry Hub is a gas
pipeline located in Erath, Louisiana.
Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngwhhdW.htm 49
Coal Prices had Fallen But Are Now
Back to Values from Five Years Ago

Current prices
are about the
same as in
Sept. 2017

BTU content per pound varies between about 8000

and 15,000 Btu/lb, giving costs of around $1 to 2/Mbtu
Source: eia.gov/coal
50
 Average Cost of Solar Systems, 2019

For the cost

for a 10 kW
system is
$2.98 per watt
before the
tax credit and
$ 20.86 after

Source news.energysage.com/how-much-does-the-average-solar-panel-installation-cost-in-the-u-s/ 51
Brief History of Electric Power

• First real practical uses of electricity began with the

telegraph (1860's) and then arc lighting in the 1870’s
• Early 1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc
system in Manhattan supplying 59 customers
• 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
• 1885 – invention of transformer
• Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac
system
• Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
• 1893 – Three-phase transmission line at 2.3 kV

52