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Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks - Ec8702: Session by

The document discusses elements and issues related to ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: The elements section explains that ad hoc networks do not have infrastructure and only end devices are needed, which must be equipped with transceivers and implement the IEEE 802.11 standard. The issues section outlines major challenges for ad hoc network design including medium access schemes, routing, multicasting, and issues like mobility, bandwidth constraints, and error-prone shared channels. The document also provides details on specific medium access methods, routing responsibilities and challenges, and considerations for designing multicast routing protocols.

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Raja Madhuvanthi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views26 pages

Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks - Ec8702: Session by

The document discusses elements and issues related to ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: The elements section explains that ad hoc networks do not have infrastructure and only end devices are needed, which must be equipped with transceivers and implement the IEEE 802.11 standard. The issues section outlines major challenges for ad hoc network design including medium access schemes, routing, multicasting, and issues like mobility, bandwidth constraints, and error-prone shared channels. The document also provides details on specific medium access methods, routing responsibilities and challenges, and considerations for designing multicast routing protocols.

Uploaded by

Raja Madhuvanthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

AD HOC AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS – EC8702

Session by
Dr/L.RAJA, ASP/ECE

1
Discussions in Previous session

 Introduction

 Wireless Networks

 Adhoc Networks & Types

2
Agenda of the session

 Elements of Adhoc Networks

 Issues in Adhoc Network

3
Elements/Components

 Ad hoc networks don’t have any infrastructure.


 Only end devices are needed to establish ad hoc network
Hardwares
 Devices must be equipped with transceiver, so they can catch incoming signal and send a signal.
 Devices must be implemented with standard IEEE 802.11.
 Devices like
 Laptops,
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA),
 smart phone - implemented with the standard IEEE 802.11, so they can join a infrastructure
network or ad hoc network.
4
Issues in Adhoc Networks
• Major issues and challenges - Ad hoc wireless system design
• Metrics - Design, Deployment, Performance.
Medium access scheme
Routing
Multicasting
Transport layer protocol
Pricing scheme
Quality of service provisioning
Self-organization
Security
Energy management
Addressing and service discovery
Scalability
Deployment considerations 5
Media Access Scheme
• MAC – Distributed, shared channel for transmission of packets
• Performance of any wireless network hinges on the MAC protocol
• Major issues to be considered in designing a MAC protocol
• Distributed operation
• Synchronization
• Hidden terminals
• Exposed terminals
• Throughput
• Access delay
• Fairness
• Real-time traffic support
• Resource reservation
• Ability to measure resource availability
• Capability for power control
• Adaptive rate control
• Use of directional antennas
6
Distributed operation
• Networks operate with no centralized coordination
• Design of MAC should involve with minimum control overhead
• In polling-based MAC protocols, partial coordination is required

Synchronization
• requirement of time synchronization
• Sync - mandatory for TDMA-based systems - transmission and reception slots
• usage of scarce resources – bandwidth and battery power
• control packets used for synchronization – increase collision in network.

Throughput
• maximize - throughput of the system
• minimizing occurrence of collisions, maximizing channel utilization,
• minimizing control overhead
7
Can we apply media access methods from fixed networks?
Example CSMA/CD
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

• send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs
(original method in IEEE 802.3)
Problems in wireless networks
• signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance

• the sender would apply CS and CD, but the collisions happen at the receiver

• it might be the case that a sender cannot “hear” the collision, i.e., CD does not work

• furthermore, CS might not work if, e.g., a terminal is “hidden”

8
Hidden and Exposed Terminals
Hidden Terminals
• A sends to B, C cannot receive A
• C wants to send to B, C senses a “free” medium (CS fails)
• collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails)
• A is “hidden” for C

A B C
Exposed Terminals
• B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal (not A or B)
• C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use
• but A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is not necessary
• C is “exposed” to B
Access Delay
• average delay that any packet experiences to get transmitted
• MAC protocol should attempt to minimize the delay
Fairness
• ability of MAC protocol to provide an equal share or weighted share of BW
• Fairness - either node-based or flow based
• fairness is important - due to multi-hop relaying done by the nodes
• unfair relaying load - results in draining the resources
Real-time traffic support
• time-sensitive traffic such as voice, video, and real-time data requires
• explicit support from MAC
• contention-based channel access environment
Use of directional antennas
• increased spectrum reuse, reduction in interference, reduced power consumption.
• Most MAC protocols - use omnidirectional antennas

10
Resource Reservation
• QoS defined parameters – bandwidth, delay, and jitter
• requires reservation of resources such as bandwidth, buffer space,
processing power
• reservation of resources - difficult task
• MAC protocol should provide - resource reservation and QoS provisioning
• MAC should provide an estimation of resource availability at every node
Capability for power control
• transmission power control reduces energy at nodes , decrease interference between nodes, increase frequency
reuse
Adaptive rate control
• variation in data bit rate achieved over a channel
• MAC protocol that has adaptive rate control – use high data rate when the sender & receiver are nearby ,
adaptively reduce the data rate - move away

11
Routing

Rresponsibilities of a routing protocol


 exchanging the route information

• finding feasible path to a destination ( hop length, power, lifetime )

• gathering information about the path breaks

• mending broken paths expending minimum processing power and bandwidth

• utilizing minimum bandwidth

12
Major Challenges of a Routing protocol
 Mobility

 Bandwidth constraint

 Error-prone and shared channel

 Location-dependent contention

 Minimum route acquisition delay

 Quick route reconfiguration

 Loop-free routing

 Distributed routing

 Scalability, Provisioning of QoS, Support for time-sensitive traffic

 Security and privacy 13


Mobility
• mobility of nodes results in frequent path breaks, collisions, transient
loops, stale routing information
• good routing protocol should be able to efficiently solve all the above issues
Bandwidth constraint
• Bandwidth available per wireless link - depends on number of nodes and the traffic they handle
• only a fraction of the total bandwidth is available for every node
Error-prone and shared channel
• Bit Error Rate (BER) in a wireless channel is very high - 10-5 to 10-3
• ad hoc wireless networks should take this into account
• state of the wireless link, signal-to-noise ratio, and path loss for routing improves efficiency of
Routing protocol.
Location-dependent contention
• load on wireless channel varies with number of nodes in geographical area.
• contention for the channel is high – node increases
• high contention for the channel – high collision – wastage of BW
• built-in mechanisms for distributing network load uniformly across network

15
Minimum route acquisition delay
• Delay for a node that does not have route to a particular destination
• Delay should be as minimal as possible
• Delay may vary with network size and load.
Quick route reconfiguration
• unpredictable changes in the topology of the network
• handle path breaks and subsequent packet losses
Loop-free routing
• fundamental requirement of any routing protocol
• should avoid unnecessary wastage of network bandwidth
• due to random movement of nodes, transient loops may form in route
• detect such transient routing loops and take corrective actions.
Distributed routing
• fully distributed
• use of centralized routing in a network may consume a large BW
16
Scalability, Provisioning of QoS, time-sensitive traffic

• ability of the routing protocol to scale well - with a large number of nodes

• provide a certain level of QoS demanded by the nodes

• QoS parameters - bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, throughput


• support for time-sensitive traffic
Security and privacy

• resilient to threats and vulnerabilities

• inbuilt capability to avoid resource consumption, DoS, impersonati on

17
Multicasting

 A multicast group is defined with a unique group identifier

 Nodes may join or leave the multicast group anytime

 In MANET, the physical topology can change often

 Need to take topology change into account when designing a multicast protocol

 Plays role -emergency search-and-rescue operations, military communication

 nodes form groups to carry out certain tasks

 power constraints, bandwidth - makes multicast routing very challenging.

18
Issues in designing Multicast Routing Protocols

• Robustness

• Efficiency

• Control overhead

• Quality of service

• Efficient group management

• Scalability & Security

19
Robustness
• able to recover and reconfigure quickly – link breaks –dynamic environments
Efficiency
• make a minimum number of transmissions to deliver data packet to all the group members
Control overhead
• scarce bandwidth –demands- minimal control overhead for the multicast session
Quality of service
• data transferred in a multicast session is time-sensitive
Efficient group management
• process of accepting multicast session members, maintaining the connectivity until session expires
Scalability & Security
• scale for a network with a large number of nodes
• Authentication of session members and prevention of non-members
20
Transport Layer Protocols
Connections
• Reliable delivery of data packets, flow control, and congestion control
Major performance degradation
frequent path breaks,
presence of stale routing information,
high channel error rate,
frequent network partition.
Path Break – Due to node mobility, limited transmission range.
 finding an alternate path or reconfiguring the broken path might longer retransmission time out
 Latency associated with reconfiguration of broken path, use of route caches result in stale route
information.
 Error occurs due to the channel noise, the presence of hidden terminals
 Due to the mobility – isolation of nodes from the network

21
Pricing Scheme
 Ad hoc network's functioning depends on presence of relaying nodes
 Intermediate nodes in a path - relay data packets expend their resources -
 Battery charge and computing power
 pricing schemes - incorporate service compensation or service reimbursement
 participation guarantee - provide incentives to forwarding nodes
Addressing and Service Discovery
 address is globally unique -participate in communication
 Auto-configuration of addresses- required to allocate non-duplicate addresses to nodes
 Network should be able to locate services that other nodes provide.
 Identifying current location of the service provider gathers importance
 Provisioning of certain services demands authentication, billing, and privacy

22
Energy Management
• Process of managing the sources and consumers of energy - enhancing lifetime of network
• Shaping energy discharge pattern of a node's battery – lifetime increases
• Identify route with minimum total energy consumption in the network
• Handling processor and interface devices to minimize power
Energy management classification
• Transmission power management
• Battery energy management
• Processor power management
• Devices power management

23
Deployment Considerations
Good amount of planning and estimation of future traffic growth – required
 commercial ad hoc wireless network has the following benefits
 Low cost of deployment
 Incremental deployment
 Short deployment time
 Reconfigurability
Major issues to be considered in deploying
 Scenario of deployment
 Military deployment
 Emergency operations deployment
 Commercial wide-area deployment
 Home network deployment
 Area of coverage
 Service availability
 Operational integration with other infrastructure
24
Quiz/Activity/Q&A

 What changes in a network over time as mobile devices add or leave a network ?

 What are the advantages of a Mobile Ad-hoc Network ?

 Why Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are less secure ?

25
Session Handler Details
Dr.L.Raja
[email protected]
76672410124

26

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