U18PCCS501

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLINGENCE
What is Artificial Intelligence?

 Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design

of intelligence in an artificial device. The term was
coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
 Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and
apply the knowledge to achieve goals in the world.
 AI program will demonstrate a high level of
intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds the
intelligence required of a human in performing some
task.
 AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics,
Computer Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Biology,
Cognitive Science and many others.
 Although there is no clear definition of AI or even
Intelligence, it can be described as an attempt to build
machines that like humans can think and act, able to
learn and use knowledge to solve problems on their
own.
 AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which
has a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to
work as a human.
  "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions." 

Main reasons to learn about AI:

• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
– Proving a theorem
– Playing chess
– Plan some surgical operation
– Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can
advise to its user.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial
Intelligence requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
Introduction to Problem Solving, General problem solving
Problem solving is a process of generating solutions from observed
data.
• a problem is characterized by a set of goals,
• a set of objects, and
• a set of operations.
Searching Solutions:
To build a system to solve a problem:
• Define the problem precisely
• Analyze the problem
• Isolate and represent the task knowledge that is necessary to
solve the problem
• Choose the best problem-solving techniques and apply it to the
particular problem.
Defining the problem as State Space Search:

The state space representation forms the basis of most of the AI

methods.
• Formulate a problem as a state space search by showing the
legal problem states, the legal operators, and the initial and
goal states.
• A state is defined by the specification of the values of all
attributes of interest in the world
• An operator changes one state into the other; it has a
precondition which is the value of certain attributes prior to
the application of the operator, and a set of effects, which are
the attributes altered by the operator
• The initial state is where you start
• The goal state is the partial description of the solution
Formal Description of the problem:
1. Define a state space that contains all the possible configurations of
the relevant objects.
2. Specify one or more states within that space that describe possible
situations from which the problem solving process may start ( initial
state)
3. Specify one or more states that would be acceptable as solutions to
the problem. ( goal states)

State-Space Problem Formulation:

Example: A problem is defined by four items:
1. Initial state
2. Actions or successor function
3. Goal test (or set of goal states)
4. Path cost (additive)
State Spaces versus Search Trees:
State Space
• Set of valid states for a problem
• Linked by operators
• e.g., 20 valid states (cities) in the Romanian travel problem
Search Tree
• Root node = initial state
• Child nodes = states that can be visited from parent
• Note that the depth of the tree can be infinite
General problem solving, Water-jug problem, 8-puzzle problem
General Problem Solver:
The General Problem Solver (GPS) was the first useful AI program, written by Simon,
Shaw, and Newell in 1959. As the name implies, it was intended to solve nearly any
problem.

Newell and Simon defined each problem as a space. At one end of the space is the
starting point; on the other side is the goal.

The problem-solving procedure itself is conceived as a set of operations to cross that

space, to get from the starting point to the goal state, one step at a time.

The General Problem Solver, the program tests various actions (which Newell and
Simon called operators) to see which will take it closer to the goal state. An operator is
any activity that changes the Artificial Intelligence state of the system. The General
Problem Solver always chooses the operation that appears to bring it closer to its goal.
Example: Water Jug Problem
Consider the following problem:
A Water Jug Problem: You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon one and a 3-gallon
one, a pump which has unlimited water which you can use to fill the jug, and
the ground on which water may be poured. Neither jug has any measuring
markings on it. How can you get exactly 2 gallons of water in the 4-gallon jug?

State Representation and Initial State :

We will represent a state of the problem as a tuple (x, y) where x represents
the amount of water in the 4-gallon jug and y represents the amount of water
in the 3-gallon jug. Note 0 ≤x≤ 4, and 0 ≤y ≤3. Our initial state: (0, 0)
Goal Predicate - state = (2, y) where 0≤ y≤ 3.
8 Puzzle Problem
The 8 puzzle consists of eight numbered, movable tiles
set in a 3x3 frame. One cell of the frame is always empty
thus making it possible to move an adjacent numbered
tile into the empty cell. Such a puzzle is illustrated in
following diagram.
Solution

• A move transforms one problem state into

another state.

• The 8-puzzle is conveniently interpreted as

having the following for moves.
Move empty space (blank) to the left
Move blank up
Move blank to the right
Move blank down