Model Institute of

Engineering & Technology

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE
A.P. Meenu (CSEDeptt.)
Deptt.)
CHAPTER –I :- Basic Concepts DATA MODELS

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Data Modeling and Data Models
Data modeling: It is a process of creating a data model for
the data to be stored in a Database. Whereas data model is
a conceptual representation of
1. Data objects
2. The associations between different data objects
3. The rules
Data modeling helps in the visual representation of data and
enforces business rules, regulatory compliances, and
government policies on the data. Data Models ensure
consistency in naming conventions, default values, semantics,
security while ensuring quality of the data.

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Data Modeling and Data Models
Data model emphasizes on what data is needed and
how it should be organized instead of what operations
need to be performed on the data.
 Data models: Simple representations of complex
real-world data structures
 Useful for supporting a specific problem domain
 Model - Abstraction of a real-world object or
event

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Why use Data Model?
The primary goal of using data model are:
 Ensures that all data objects required by the database are
accurately represented. Omission of data will lead to
creation of faulty reports and produce incorrect results.
 A data model helps design the database at the conceptual,
physical and
logical levels.
 Data Model structure helps to define the relational tables,
primary and foreign keys and stored procedures.
 It provides a clear picture of the base data and can be used
by database
developers to create a physical database.
 It is also helpful to identify missing and redundant data.
Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)
 Types of Data Models
 Conceptual: This Data Model defines WHAT the system
contains. This model is typically created by Business
stakeholders and Data Architects. The purpose is to organize,
scope and define business concepts and rules.
 Logical: Defines HOW the system should be implemented
regardless of the DBMS. This model is typically created by
Data Architects and Business Analysts. The purpose is to
developed technical map of rules and data structures.
 Physical: This Data Model describes HOW the system will be
implemented using a specific DBMS system. This model is
typically created by DBA and developers. The purpose is actual
implementation of the database.

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

Types of Data Models

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Advantages of Data model
 The main goal of a designing data model is to make certain that
data objects offered by the functional team are represented
accurately.
 The data model should be detailed enough to be used for building
the physical database.
 The information in the data model can be used for defining the
relationship between tables, primary and foreign keys, and stored
procedures.
 Data Model helps business to communicate the within and across
organizations.
 Data model helps to documents data mappings in ETL process
 Help to recognize correct sources of data to populate the model
Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)
 Importance of Data Models

Are a communication tool

Give an overall view of the database

Organize data for various users

Are an abstraction for the creation of good

database

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

Disadvantages of Data model

 To develop Data model one should know

physical data stored characteristics.
 This is a navigational system
produces complex application
development, management. Thus, it
requires a knowledge of the
biographical truth.
 Even smaller change made in structure
require modification in the entire
application.
 There is no set data manipulation
Space in a Data File
language in DBMS.
Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)
 Data Model Basic Building Blocks
 Entity: Unique and distinct object used to collect
and store data
 Attribute: Characteristic of an entity
 Relationship: Describes an association among
entities
 One-to-many (1:M)
 Many-to-many (M:N or M:M)
 One-to-one (1:1)

 Constraint: Set of rules to ensure data

integrity

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Hierarchical Model
Advantages Disadvantages

 Requires knowledge of
 Promotes data sharing physical data storage
characteristics
 Parent/child relationship promotes
conceptual simplicity and data  Navigational system requires
integrity knowledge of hierarchical
path
 Database security is provided
and enforced by DBMS  Changes in structure
require changes in all
 Efficient with 1:M relationships
application programs
 Implementation limitations
 No data definition
 Lack of standards
Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)
 Network Model
Advantages Disadvantages

 Conceptual simplicity  System complexity limits

 Handles more relationship types efficiency
 Data access is flexible  Navigational system yields
complex implementation,
 Data owner/member relationship
application development,
promotes data integrity and management
 Conformance to standards  Structural changes
 Includes data definition require changes in all
language (DDL) and data application programs
manipulation language (DML)

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 The Relational Model
 Produced an automatic transmission database that
replaced standard transmission databases
 Based on a relation
 Relation or table: Matrix composed of intersecting
tuple and attribute
 Tuple: Rows
 Attribute: Columns
 Describes a precise set of data manipulation
constructs

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)

 Relational Model
Advantages Disadvantages

 Structural independence is
 Requires substantial hardware
promoted using
independent tables and system software overhead
 Tabular view improves  Conceptual simplicity gives
conceptual simplicity untrained people the tools to use
 Ad hoc query capability is a good system poorly
based on SQL  May promote information
 Isolates the end user from problems
physical-level details
 Improves implementation
and management simplicity

Asst. Prof.Meenu (CSE Deptt.)