EMS-II LABS

OSAMA TAHIR
09-EE-88
EXPERIMENT NO. 01

INTRODUCTION TO AC
MACHINES
TYPES OF AC MACHINES
1) SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
 External source is required to initiate the machine.
 Doubly excited machine
 Requires both AC and DC
 once started runs with constant speed.
2) ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
 Self excited machine
 Follow law of electromagnetic induction
 Singly excited
 Speed decreases with increase in load
 95% motors are induction motors
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
What is induction Motor?
SLIP
“The difference between synchronous speed and actual
speed of rotor is called slip”
S= Ns-N
Where
Ns=(120f)/P
f=frequency of supply
P=no. of poles
N=actual speed of rotor
Ns=synchronous speed
AT STAND STILL:
S=Ns-N
S=Ns-0
S=Ns
S=1(Maximum)
AT RUNNING CONDITION:
s= Ns-N
If Ns=N
S=0
Percentage Slip:
% slip= (Ns-N) *100
Ns
Effects: (Factors effected by slip)
a)ROTOR VOLTAGE:
Es = SE2
If s=1
Es=E2 (voltage maximum)
If s=0
Es=0 (voltage is zero)
b) Supply Frequency
f=sfr
If s=1 then fr=f
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
S. No. Rotor Speed Rotor Speed Ns SLIP %s=
N N (r.p.m) S= Ns-N Ns-N *100
(volts) Ns=(120f)/P,
(r.p.m) Here f=50Hz,P=4 Ns
So Ns= 1500 r.p.m
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
RESULT
 EXPERIMENT NO. 02

TO DRAW SLIP-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-Ø SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TORQUE IN INDUCTION
MOTOR

There are two types of torque in induction motor

Starting torque
Running torque
STARTING TORQUE
“The torque developed by motor at the instant of starting
is called starting torque”
Tst ∝ E2I2cosØ --------- (1)
E2 = rotor emf/phase at stanstill
R2 = Rotor resistance/phase
X2 = rotor reactance/phase
Z2 =√ (R22+X22) = rotor impedance/phase
C

Z2
X2

Ø
A R2 B
 I2 = E2/Z2 = E2/ √ (R22+X22)
cosØ = R2/Z2 = R2/ √ (R22+X22)
From equation (1)
Tst = K1 E2I2cosØ
= K1E2 [E2/ √ (R22+X22) ][R2/ √ (R22+X22) ]
Tst = [K1 E22 R2/ (R22+X22) ] --------- (2)
Tst = [K2R2/ (R22+X22) ] ---------- (3)
Let K2= K1 E22
Differentiating equation(2) w.r.t R2
d Tst/dR2 = d/dR2 [K2R2/ (R22+X22) ]
= K2 (R22+X22) (1) - R2 (2 R2+0)
(R22+X22)
Put d Tst/dR2 =0 for maximum torque
0 = K2 (R22+X22-2R22)
-R22+X22 = 0
R 2 2 = X2 2
R2= X2 --------------- (4)
This is the condition for achieving maximum starting
torque.
RUNNING TORQUE

Tr = [K1S2 E22 R2/ (R22+X22) ]

R2= SX2 ----------------- (5)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLIP AND
TORQUE
AT NO LOAD AT NORMAL LOAD AT OVERLOAD
N is high N is low N is low

S is low S is high S is high

fr = sf is low fr = sf increases fr = sf increases

Xr = sX2 is low Xr = sX2 increses but Xr = sX2 increases and

less than R2 greater than R2
R2 is constant R2 is constant R2 is constant

Torque decreases Torque increases Torque decreases

T∝s T∝ s T∝(1/ s)
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
S. No.Synchronous
Rotor speed speed
Slip = Ns =Force TORQUE
________ rpm
N S=(Ns-N)/Ns F T=F*r
(rpm) (newton) Where
r=0.26
(N-m)
GRAPH
RESULT
 EXPERIMENT NO. 03

TO DRAW CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF AC

INDUCTION MOTOR
To draw circle diagram of induction motor there are
three types of tests to be performed.
1. No load test
2. The DC test for stator resistance
3. The locked or blocked rotor test
NO LOAD TEST:

The no load test of an induction motor measures the

rotational losses of the motor provides information
about its magnetization current. The only load on the
motor are the frictional and the windage losses. So all
input power in this test is consumed by mechanical
losses and the slip of the motor in this case is very
small.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
I1= __________
I2= __________
I3= __________
I0=( I1+I2+I3)/3= ________
V1= _________
V2= _________
V3= _________
V0= (V1+V2+V3)/3= ________
W0=no load losses
= wattmeter reading*multiplying constant
= ______________
As
W0 = √3V0I0cosØ0
cosØ0 = W0/(√3V0I0)
Ø0 = cos-1 [W0/(√3V0I0)]
THE DC TEST FOR STATOR
RESISTANCE

In the DC test, a DC voltage is applied to the stator

winding of an induction motor. As current has DC
value there is no induced voltage in the rotor circuit
and no resulting rotor current flow. Also the reactance
of the motor is zero at Dc current, therefore the only
quantity limiting current flow in the motor is the stator
resistance that can be determined.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS

Req = V/I
Req = Ra(Ra+Ra)
3Ra
Req = (2Ra2)/3Ra
= (2/3)Ra
Ra = (3/2) Req = ___________
THE LOCKED OR BLOCKED ROTOR
TEST

This test corresponds to the short circuit test on a

transformer. In this test we utilize the variac
transformer to supply the motor. Rotor is locked or
blocked so that it cant move. Resulting values of
voltage current and power are measured.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
I1= __________
I2= __________
I3= __________
ISC=( I1+I2+I3)/3= ________
V1= _________
V2= _________
V3= _________
VSC= (V1+V2+V3)/3= ________
WSC= Total losses= ___________
 Wsc= √3VscIsccosØsc
cosØsc = Wsc/(√3VscIsc)
Øsc = cos-1 [Wsc/(√3VscIsc)]
= _____________
Now we convert all values to the normal voltage value as
ISN = Isc*(VN/Vsc)= __________
Where ISN= short circuit current at normal voltage(V N=110volts)
WSN = Wsc* (VN/Vsc) = __________
Stator Cu losses = IN2 * Ra = ___________
Rotor Cu losses = WSN – stator Cu losses = _________
PURPOSE OF CIRCLE
DIAGRAM:

Circle diagram is used to calculate

Motor output
Stator Cu losses
Core losses
Motor input
Slip
Efficiency
IMPORTANT FORMULEA:

1. Motor Input = Output + losses

2. Slip = (rotor Cu losses)/Rotor Input

3. Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100
HOW TO DRAW CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF
INDUCTION MOTOR?
 EXPERIMENT NO. 04

INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
 Synchronous motors are like induction motors in that
they both have a stator winding which produces a
rotating magnetic field. Unlike an induction motor the
synchronous motor is excited by an external DC
source and therefore requires slip ring and brushes to
provide current to the rotor.
CONSTRUCTION
A synchronous motor is composed of the following parts:
1) STATOR
The stator is the outer shell of the motor, which carries the
armature winding. This winding is spatially distributed for
poly-phase AC current. This armature creates a rotating
magnetic field inside the motor.
2) ROTOR
The rotor is the rotating portion of the motor. It carries
field winding, which may be supplied by a DC source. On
excitation, this field winding behaves as a permanent
magnet. Some machines use permanent magnets in the
rotor.
3) SLIP RINGS
The slip rings on the rotor, to supply the
DC to the field winding.
4) STATOR FRAME
The stator frame contains and supports the
other parts and may include bearing housings.
Large machines may include
additional parts for cooling the machine, supporting
the rotor, lubricating and cooling the bearings, and
various protection and measurement devices.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The operation of a synchronous motor is simple to imagine. The
armature winding, when excited by a poly-phase (usually 3-
phase) supply, creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor.
The field winding, which acts as a permanent magnet, simply
locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with
it. During operation, as the field locks in with the rotating
magnetic field, the motor is said to be in synchronization.
Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is
dependent only on the supply frequency. When the motor load is
increased beyond the break down load, the motor falls out of
synchronization i.e., the applied load is large enough to pull out
the field winding from following the rotating magnetic field. The
motor immediately stalls after it falls out of synchronization.
STARTING METHODS
Synchronous motors are not self-starting motors. This
property is due to the inertia of the rotor. When the power
supply is switched on, the armature winding and field
windings are excited. Instantaneously, the armature
winding creates a rotating magnetic field, which revolves
at the designated motor speed. The rotor, due to inertia,
will not follow the revolving magnetic field. In practice,
the rotor should be rotated by some other means near to
the motor's synchronous speed to overcome the inertia.
Once the rotor nears the synchronous speed, the field
winding is excited, and the motor pulls into
synchronization.
The following techniques are employed to start a
synchronous motor:
A separate motor (called pony motor) is used to drive the
rotor before it locks in into synchronization.
The field winding is shunted or induction motor like
arrangements are made so that the synchronous motor
starts as an induction motor and locks in to
synchronization once it reaches speeds near its
synchronous speed.
Reducing the input electrical frequency to get the motor
starting slowly.
CHARACTERISTICS

It is a doubly excited machine.

It is used for power factor improvement.
It will be started as induction motor but shifted to
synchronous speed later on.
Stator is same as induction motor but rotor becomes
permanent magnet after the application of DC supply.
USES

Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial

applications where constant speed is necessary.
Improving the power factor as Synchronous
condensers
Low power applications include positioning machines,
where high precision is required, and robot actuators.
Mains synchronous motors are used for electric clocks.
ADVANTAGES
Synchronous motors have the following advantages over non-
synchronous motors:
Speed is independent of the load, provided an adequate field
current is applied.
Accurate control in speed and position using open loop
controls, eg. stepper motors
They will hold their position when a DC current is applied to
both the stator and the rotor windings.
Their power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper
field current relative to the load. Also, a "capacitive" power
factor, (current phase leads voltage phase), can be obtained
by increasing this current slightly, which can help
achieve a better power factor correction for the whole
installation.
Their construction allows for increased electrical
efficiency when a low speed is required (as in ball
mills and similar apparatus).
They run either at the synchronous speed or they do
not run at all.
EXAMPLES

brushless DC electric motor

stepper motor
Three-phase AC synchronous motors
Switched reluctance motor
Synchronous brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed
electric machine
EXPERIMENT NO. 05

V-CURVE CONSTRUCTION OF A
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
APPARATUS

Ammeters
Wattmeters
Voltmeters
Synchronous motor set
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY

“The V-curves of a synchronous motor shows how

armature current varies with its field current when
motor input is kept constant”
These are obtained by plotting AC armature current
against dc field current while motor input is kept
constant and are so called because of their shape.
There is a family of such curves each corresponding to
a definite power intake.
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
S.No Ia If W=P VL *cosØ
(Amp) (Amp) (watts (volts)
)

P= √3VLILcosØ
cosØ= (P/√3VLIL)
 GRAPH

Ia

Ia

If
COMMENTS AND
CONCLUSIONS
 For each curve, the minimum armature current occurs at
unity power factor, when only real power is being
supplied to the motor.
 At any other point on the curve, some reactive power is
being supplied to or by the motor as well.
 For field current less than the value giving minimum Ia
the armature current is lagging consuming Q
 For field currents greater than the value giving the
minimum Ia the armature current is leading supplying Q
to the power system as a capacitor would.
 Therefore by controlling the field current of a
synchronous motor the reactive power supplied to or
consumed by the power system can be controlled.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 06

TO FIND EFFICIENCY OF AN
INDUCTION MOTOR BY IEEE METHOD
APPARATUS
3 phase slip ring induction motor
DC shunt generator
Wattmeter set
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Loads (Tungsten bulbs)
Connecting leads
THEORY
The efficiency is given by
η= (output/input)*100
now losses can be constant or variable. Core losses are
example of constant losses while copper losses are
example of variable losses.
To find the efficiency of induction motor following tests
are performed
1. No load test
2. Load test
3. DC test for stator resistance measurement
1. THE DC TEST FOR STATOR RESISTANCE:
 
In the DC test, a DC voltage is applied to the stator
winding of an induction motor. As current has DC
value there is no induced voltage in the rotor circuit
and no resulting rotor current flow. Also the reactance
of the motor is zero at Dc current, therefore the only
quantity limiting current flow in the motor is the stator
resistance that can be determined.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS

Req = V/I
Req = Ra(Ra+Ra)
3Ra
Req = (2Ra2)/3Ra
= (2/3)Ra
Ra = (3/2) Req = ___________
NO LOAD TEST

The no load test for an induction motor measures the

rotational losses of the motor and provides information
about its magnetization current.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
C.C
Ф1 V
A
A
R
I P.C
A V
C

Ф2 T/F A
P.C
A
Ф3
C.C
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS

Vo = _____________ volts
IL = ___________ Amp
Input power = _____________ watts
Constant losses = input – stator Cu losses ________ (A)
Where
Total stator Cu losses = 3(IL/√3)2Ra
= 3IL2Ra = _________
LOAD TEST
In this test we apply load on induction motor and by
changing the value of loads we calculate Pin, losses
and Pout for each load .After this efficiency of motor
can be find out by using the formula
%η = (output/input)*100
Where
Output = Input-losses
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
TABLE A:

IL V Pin Stator Ns N N slip F T= Const. Rotor input Rotor Cu Total Pout %η

(Amp) (volts) (watts) Cu (rpm) (volts) (rpm) (N) F*r losses Pin-Pst.Cu loss loss
losses r=0.26 S*Prot
EXPERIMENT NO. 07

TO FIND EFFICIENCY OF AN
INDUCTION MOTOR BY
DYNAMOMETER METHOD
In this method we can find out the efficiency of
induction motor directly. For this purpose we will use
the observations of TABLE A given in Experiment
No. 06.
EXPLANATION

1. Find out input power at each load

2. Calculate output for each load by using the formula
Output = (2Πnt/60)
3. Calculate Efficiency as
%η = (output/input)*100
 EXPERIMENT NO. 08

MEASUREMENT OF SLIP OF AN
INDUCTION MOTOR BY COMPARING
ROTOR FREQUENCY AND SLIP
FREQUENCY
APPARATUS

3-phase slip ring induction motor

Galvanometer
Stop watch
Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
% S= (slip speed/Ns)*100%
= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100%
fr = sfe
s= (fr/fe)
 OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
S.No. fr f S = (fr/f) Ns N S= (Ns-N)/N
(cycle/sec) (Hz) (rpm) (rpm)
RESULT
EXPERIMENT NO. 09

PARALLEL OPERATION OF 3-Ø

ALTERNATORS
APPARATUS

Two generators
synchronizing lamp device
 prime mover
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY

Now a days an isolated synchronous generator supplying

its own load independently of other generators is very
rare. For all usual generator applications there is more
than one generator operating in parallel to supply the
power demanded by the loads.
ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL
OPERATION
Several generators can supply a bigger load than one
machine by itself.
It will increase the reliability of the power system,
since the failure of any one of them does not cause a
total power loss to the load.
Having many generators operating in parallel allows
one or more of them to be removed for shutdown and
prevent maintenance.
The process of load sharing of several machines
increase the efficiency and reliability of the system.
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR
PARALLELING

There are three conditions that must be considered when

the alternators are connected in parallel.
1. PHASE SEQUENCE
It means sequence in which the phase voltages peak in
the two generators must be same.
An easy method to check the phase sequence is through
“Three Light bulb method”. The circuit diagram for
this is given below.
SYNCHRONIZING LAMP METHOD
In this method when the bulbs are alternately ON and
OFF the phase is correct, otherwise not. Another
method to check phase sequence is through
synchroscope. The switch used in this lamp is TPST
(triple pole single throw).
2. FREQUENCY
If flickering rate is high the frequency difference is high.
If it is low difference will be small.
3. VOLTAGE
To check that voltages are same it is to be noted that if
the upper bulb is dark and the lower bulbs are bright
than the voltage is same. This method is known as
“one dark two bright lamp method” and the other
method that can be applied is “All dark all bright
method”.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES AND

FRICTIONAL LOSSES OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
APPARATUS

Variac transformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Induction motor
Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY:
There are two types of constant losses/no load losses in
induction motor
Friction and windage losses
Core losses
Wo = Wo(no load) – I2R(stator)
Constant losses = Core + Windage losses
Frictional and windage losses depend on the speed of
motor. At no load frictional and windage losses are
nearly constant as the speed of motor does not change.
Core losses depends on voltage, as the input voltage
varies core losses vary with the changing voltage.
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
S.No. Voltage (volts) Current (Amp) WNL Cu losses of Const.

Power stator= Losses

No load IL2R =WNL-IL2R

(Watts)

V1 V2 V3 VL I1 I2 I3 IL
GRAPH
RESULT
EXPERIMENT NO. 11

TO DRAW O.C.C AND S.C.C OF A

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY

The behavior of a real synchronous generator can be

determined by three quantities
Relationship b/w If and Ø(and therefore b/w Ia and
Ea)
Synchronous reactance
Armature resistance
“OPEN CIRCUIT
CHARACTERISTICS” Or “OPEN
CIRCUIT TEST”

To perform this test the generator is turned at rated

speed, the terminals are disconnected from all loads
and If is set to zero. Then field current is gradually
increased in steps and terminal voltage is measured at
each step.
OBSERVATIONS
S. No. If E N
(Amp) (Volts) (rpm)
GRAPH
“SHORT CIRCUIT
CHARACTERISTICS” Or “S.C.C
TEST”

Adjust the If to zero again and short circuit the terminals

of generator. Then the armature current or line current
is measured as If is increased.
OBSERVATIONS
S. No. If Ia N
(Amp) (Amp) (rpm)
SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE
“The whole of the voltage E is being used to circulate
the armature short circuit current Ia against the
synchronous impedance Zs”
Where Zs = E(at O.C.C)
Ia(at S.C.C)
But value found by this method is very much greater
than real value.
SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO
“the ratio of the field current required for the rated
voltage at open circuit to the field current required for
the rated Ia at short circuit”
For turbo generators it is small 0.5 to 0.6
For salient pole 1 to 1.5
If some generators have high SCR it mea lower Zs and
vice versa
ADVANTAGES OF LOWER Zs
Stability Ps = (3VphEphSinθ)/(Xs or Zs)
Voltage regulation
DISADVANTAGE
High SCR
 EXPERIMENT NO. 12

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR

BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
As Zs = E/Ia
Xs = √(Zs2 – Ra2)
Knowing Xs and Ra (Ra is already known, it is always
have smaller value and in bigger machines it can be
neglected) we draw vector diagram for any load and
any power factor
Now
E = √ [(VCosØ+IaRa)2 + (VSinرIaXs)2
_ Sign for capacitice case
+ sign is for inductive case
Now
Ra = 0.7Ω
Ia = 7.9 Amp
V = 220/√3 = 127.02 volts
Zs = E/Ia = ______
Xs = √ (Zs2 – Ra2)
CASES

CosØ = 0.8 lagging _____ SinØ have +ve sign

CosØ = 0.8 lagging ______SinØ have _ve sign
CosØ = unity______SinØ have +ve sign
Now
% Reg = (E-V)/V *100
GRAPH B/W %Reg and Ia

We can also draw graph b/w these two parameters. As

Ia 25% 50% 75% 100%
2A 4A 6A 8A
And by finding corresponding values of %Reg for
current values mentioned.
GRAPH

% Reg

Ia
RESULT