MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 
A matrix is simply a set of numbers
arranged in a rectangular table.
(Square brackets)
OR
(parenthesis)
 TYPES OF MATRICES

Square Matrix.
Symmetric Matrix.
Triangular Matrix.
Diagonal Matrix.
Identity Matrix.
Orthogonal Matrix.
 ROW MATRIX

A matrix having only one row is called

a row matrix. Thus A = [aij]mxn is a row
matrix.
If m = 1 so, a row matrix can be represented
as A = [aij]1×n. It is called so because it has
only one row and the order of a row matrix
will hence be 1 × n. For example,
A = [1 2 4 5] is row matrix of order 1 x 4.
P = [ -4 -21 -17 ] which is of the order
 COLUMN MATRIX

A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix. Thus, A =

[aij]mxn is a column matrix if n = 1. Thus, the value of for a column matrix
will be 1. Hence, the order is m × 1.
An example of a column matrix is:
 COLUMN MATRIX

A matrix having only one column is  called a column matrix. Thus, A =
[aij]mxn is a column matrix if n = 1. Thus, the value of for a column matrix
will be 1. Hence, the order is m × 1.
An example of a column matrix is:
 ZERO OR NULL MATRIX

Zero or Null
  Matrix
If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it
is generally denoted by 0. Thus, A = [aij]mxn is a zero-matrix if aij = 0 for all
i and j; 
 SINGLETON MATRIX

Singleton Matrix
If in a matrix there is only element then it is called singleton matrix. Thus,
A = [aij]mxn is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1. E.g. [2], [3], [a], [] are
singleton matrices.
 HORIZONTAL MATRIX

Horizontal  Matrix
A matrix of order m x n is a horizontal matrix if n > m; E.g. 
 VERTICAL MATRIX

Vertical  Matrix
A matrix of order m x n is a vertical matrix if m > n; E.g.
 SQUARE MATRIX

If the number of rows and the number   of columns in a matrix are equal,
then it is called a square matrix.
 DIAGONAL MATRIX

If all the elements, except the principal

  diagonal, in a square matrix, are
zero, it is called a diagonal matrix. Thus, a square matrix A = [aij] is a
diagonal matrix if aij = 0,when
 SCALAR MATRIX

If all the elements in the diagonal of a diagonal matrix are equal, it is called
a scalar matrix. 

 2 0 0

[ 0
0
2
0
0
2 ]
 UNIT MATRIX OR IDENTITY
MATRIX

If all the elements of a principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix are 1, then it

is called a unit matrix

  I=

Conclusions:
All identity matrices are scalar matrices
All scalar matrices are diagonal matrices
All diagonal matrices are square matrices
 EQUAL MATRICES

Equal matrices are those matrices  which are equal in terms of their
elements.
=
 TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if the elements above or

below the principal diagonal are zero. There are two types:

 2 0 0

[ 0
0
1
0
0
7 ]
 UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix [aij] is called an upper

  triangular matrix, if aij = 0, when i
> j.
 LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i < j.

 2 0 0

[ 6
1
1
2
0
7 ]
 SINGULAR MATRIX AND NON-SINGULAR
MATRIX

Matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if its determinant |A| = 0,

otherwise a non-singular matrix, i.e. If for det |A| = 0, it is singular matrix
 and for det |A| ≠ 0, it is non-singular.
 INVOLUTARY MATRIX:

If A2=I, the matrix is said to be an involutary

  matrix. An involutary matrix
its own inverse
=I
 USES

Electronics
Statics
Robotics
Linear programming
Optimization
Intersections of planes
Genetics
 DETERMINANTS

A determinant of a matrix represents
  a single number. We obtain this
value by multiplying and adding its elements in a special way..
For example, if we have the (square) 2 × 2 matrix:

then the determinant of this matrix is written within vertical lines as

follows:
 CALCULATING A 2 × 2 DETERMINANT

In general, we find the value  of a 2 × 2 determinant with

elements a, b, c, d as follows:
A=
==ad-bc
We multiply the diagonals (top left × bottom right first), then subtract.
 EXAMPLE 1

= 
=8x1-2x7
=8-14
=-6
The final result is a single number.
 3 × 3 DETERMINANTS

A 3 × 3 determinant
 

can be evaluated in various ways.

We will use the method called "expansion by minors". But first, we need a
definition.
 COFACTORS

The 2 × 2 determinant
 

is called the cofactor of a1 for the 3 × 3 determinant:

=
=a1 -b1 +c1
=a1(b2c3-b3c2)-b1(a2c3-a3c2)+c1(a2b3-a3b2)
 

EXAMPLE:

 
=
=2 -1 +5
 =2 -1  +5
=2(2x7-1x3)-1 (3x7-1x4)+5(3x3-2x4)
=2(14-3)-1 (21-4)+5(9-8)

=2(11)-1 (17)+5(1)
=22-17+5

=10
THANK YOU