Chapter Two: Properties of Pure Substances
Chapter Two: Properties of Pure Substances
Chapter Two: Properties of Pure Substances
2
Phases of A Pure Substance
4
Solid Liquid Gas
• Consider the piston-cylinder device containing liquid
water at 20oC and 1atm.
10
Property Diagram
11
Saturation
13
Latent Heat
Latent heat: The amount of energy absorbed or released during a
phase-change process.
Latent heat of fusion: The amount of energy absorbed during
melting. It is equivalent to the amount of energy released during
freezing.
Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of energy absorbed
during vaporization and it is equivalent to the energy released
during condensation.
At 1 atm pressure, the latent heat of fusion of water is 333.7
kJ/kg and the latent heat of vaporization is 2256.5 kJ/kg.
14
P-V-T diagram
Top view
v
P
P
view
v
P P
T vi
ew
v T
The T-V diagram
Among them saturated, superheated steam and compressed liquid are the
most frequently used properties.
23
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture
During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part
liquid and part vapor. its quality (x) is defined as the
ratio of the mass of the vapor to the total mass of both
vapor and liquid.
The quality is zero for the saturated liquid and one for
the saturated vapor (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
masssaturated vapor mg
x
masstotal m f mg
24
Moisture Content
25
Quality
v (1 x )v f xv g
The form that is most often used
v v f x (v g v f )
u u f xu fg
h h f xh fg
s s f xs fg
27
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
• The properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor for water
are listed in Thermodynamics tables.
Superheated steam table
• In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and at
temperatures above the critical point temperature, a substance
exists as superheated vapor.
• Compared to saturated vapor, superheated vapor is
characterized by
• Lower pressures (P < Psat at a given T)
• Higher temperatures (T > Tsat at a given P)
• Higher specific volumes (v > vg at a given P or T)
• Higher internal energies (u > ug at a given P or T)
• Higher enthalpies (h > hg at a given P or T)
Compressed liquid table
• Compressed liquid tables are not as commonly available.
• In the absence of compressed liquid data, a general
approximation is to treat compressed liquid as saturated liquid
at the given temperature.
33
Example 2.1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 45oC and 50oC.
34
Example 2.2
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 47⁰ C .
35
Example 2.2
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy
and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 47⁰ C .
36
Solution:
Extract data from steam table
T Psat v u h
45 9.5953 15.251 2436.1 2582.4
47 Psat v u h
50 12.352 12.026 2442.7 2591.3
Psat 9.5953 47 45
12.352 9.5953 50 45 Interpolation Scheme for Psat
Psat @ 47 10.698 kPa
37
Exercises
38
Example 2.3 Is v v f ? No
Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 Is v f v v g ? Yes
kg of water contained in a Is v g v ? No
volume of 1.2 m3 at 200 kPa.
Find the quality
v v f x (v g v f )
Solution:
v vf
Specific volume for water x
vg v f
Volume 12. m3 m3 0.8 0.001061
v 0.8
mass 15
. kg kg 0.8858 0.001061
From steam table: 0.903 (What does this mean?)
The enthalpy
v f 0.001061 m3
kg
h h f x h fg
vg 0.8858 m3
kg 504.7 (0.903)(2201.6)
kJ
2492.7
kg 39
Example 2.4
Determine the internal energy of refrigerant-134a at a temperature
of 0C and a quality of 60%.
Solution:
From table : The internal energy of R 134a
at given condition:
kJ
u f 51.63 u u f x (u g u f )
kg
kJ 51.63 (0.6)(230.16 51.63)
u g 230.16
kg kJ
158.75
kg
40
Example 2.5
41
Solution:
Theoretically: State 2:
v2 v1 Information :
P2 8 MPa v2 0.031 mkg
3
43
Exercises
3. For a specific volume of 0.2 m3/kg, find the quality of steam
if the absolute pressure is (a) 40 kPa and ( b ) 630 kPa. What
is the temperature of each case?
44
Important Definition
o Critical point - the temperature and pressure above which there
is no distinction between the liquid and vapor phases.
45
46
Equation of State
T
P R Pv RT PV mRT nMRT
v
• The constant of proportionality R is called the gas constant.
• The gas constant R is different for each gas and is determined from
Ru
R (kJ / kg.K )
M
m nM
• The ideal-gas equation of state can be written in several different
forms
V mv PV mRT
mR ( MN ) R NRu PV NRuT
V Nv Pv RuT
• the properties of an ideal gas at two different states are related to each
other by
PV PV
1 1
2 2
T1 T2
u h
C v and C P
T v T P
Using the definition of enthalpy (h = u + Pv) and writing the
differential of enthalpy, the relationship between the specific
heats for ideal gases is
h u Pv
dh du RdT
CP dt CV dt RdT
CP CV R
CP
k
Cv
For ideal gases u, h, Cv, and Cp are functions of temperature alone.
The Δu and Δh of ideal gases can be expressed as
u u 2 u1 C v (T2 T1 )
h h2 h1 C P (T2 T1 )
Compressibility factor (measure of deviation from ideal gas)
PV ZRT
P T
PR TR
Pcr Tcr
Example
1. Determine the mass of the air in a room whose
dimensions are 4 m X 5 m X 6 m at 100 kPa and 25°C.
(R=0.287 kJ/kg. K)
2.A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.2 kg of
steam at 200 kPa and 300°C. Now, the steam is cooled
at constant pressure until it is at 150°C. Determine the
volume change of the cylinder during this process
using the ideal gas equation and compare the result to
the actual value.
Solution:
3. An ideal gas is contained in given
a closed assembly with an
state 1
initial pressure and temperature
of 220 kPa and 700C P1 220 kPa
respectively. If the volume of T1 70 273K 343 K
the system is increased 1.5 state 2
times and the temperature drops
to 150C, determine the final T2 15 273 288 K
pressure of the gas. V2 1.5V1
From ideal-gas law:
PV PV
1 1
2 2
T1 T2
V1 288
P2
1.5V1 343
220 10 3
123.15 kPa
59
4. An automobile tire with a
volume of 0.6 m3 is inflated to a
gage pressure of 200 kPa.
Calculate the mass of air in the
tire if the temperature is 20°C.
Solution: From ideal-gas law:
given
PV
state 1 m
RT
P 200 100 kPa
300 103 N
m3 0.6m
2
T 20 273K 293 K
287 kgNm.K 293K
2.14 kg
60
Problems
1. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air
in the tire. When the air temperature is 25°C, the pressure gage reads 210
kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, determine the pressure rise in
the tire when the air temperature in the tire rises to 50°C. Also, determine
the amount of air that must be bled off to restore pressure to its original
value at this temperature. Assume the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
[ 26 kPa, 0.007
kg]
2. A 1-m3 tank containing air at 25°C and 500 kPa is connected through a
valve to another tank containing 5 kg of air at 35°C and 200 kPa. Now
the valve is opened, and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings, which are at 20°C. Determine the
volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure of air.
[ 2.21 m3, 284.1 kPa]
61
3. A 1 m3 rigid tank has propane at 100 kPa, 300 K and connected by a
valve to another tank of 0.5 m3 with propane at 250 kPa, 400 K. The
valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at 325 K.
What is the final pressure?
[ 139.9
kPa]
62