INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES, MENTAL
ABILITY, AND
PERSONALITY
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
refer to the variation in how people respond to the
same situation based on personal characteristics.
each person is different from all others and that these
differences are usually substantial rather than
meaningless.
CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
1. people differ in productivity
Productivity refers to the rate of output per worker. It differs
from person to person.
Example: If the rate of output in a sales office is measured in
terms of number of units sold by each salesman, it cannot be
expected that everyone will sell the same number of units for
a given period.
2. people differ in the quality of their work
Some individuals will not be contented in making products of
mediocre quality, while others will just strive to produce
outputs that barely passed standard equipments.
3. people react differently to empowerment
Empowerment means giving someone the power to do
something.
Some person may feel happy if he is provided with
responsibility; others will feel uncomfortable and will prefer
to just follow orders.
4. people react differently to any style of leadership
Some people will prefer a leader with a democratic style,
while some will need close supervision from their superiors.
5. people differ in terms of need for contact with other
people
Some will need more contact, while others can work alone
the whole day. Other people cannot be productive unless
they meet people as they work.
Example: Salesman is in need of frequent interactions with
other people. In contrast, there are those who can perform
jobs in research laboratories where contact with other is
minimal.
6. people differ in terms of commitment to the
organization
Those who are highly committed tend to produce high
quality output while those who are less committed are less
concerned about output and attendance.
7. people differ in terms of level of self-esteem
Low self-esteem – less productive; avoid accepting
more
responsibilities
High self-esteem – many great inventions, literary work, and
discoveries are being made
WHAT MAKES PEOPLE DIFFERENT FROM
EACH OTHER?
1. demographic
2. aptitude and ability
3. personality
DEMOGRAPHIC: SOURCES OF DIVERSITY
Gender
• The differences in the perception of male and female
roles
Generational Differences and Age
• Changes in values over generations
• Differences in the ages also bring expectations
of differences in the behavior of workers
Culture
• Refers to the learned and shared ways of thinking
and acting among a group of people or society
Aptitude – the capacity of a person to learn or acquire
skills.
Ability – individual’s capacity to perform the various task
in a job.
***A person’s overall abilities are made up of two set of
factors:
Physical
Mental
Physical Ability
Capacity of the individual to do tasks
demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar
characteristics.
PHYSICAL ABILITIES DESCRIPTION
1. Dynamic Strength Ability to exert
muscular force repeatedly or
continuously over time
2. Trunk Strength Ability to exert muscular
strength using the
trunk
3. Static Strength Ability to exert effort against external
objects
4. Explosive Strength Ability to expend a maximum of
energy in one or a series of explosive
objects
5. Extent flexibility Ability to move the trunk and back
muscles as far as possible
6. Dynamic Flexibility Ability to make rapid, repeated flexing
movements
7. Body Coordination Ability to coordinate the simultaneous
actions of different parts of the body
8. Balance Ability to maintain equilibrium despite
forces pulling of balance
9. Stamina Ability to continue maximum
effort requiring prolonged effort over
time
Intellectual or Mental Ability
Also referred to as intelligence
Capacity to do mental activities, such as
thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Dimensions of Intellectual
Ability
Emotional Cultural
Intelligence – Intelligence –
Cognitive person’s ability to
Intelligence – Social qualities such as interpret
capacity of a Intelligence – understanding someone’s
person to person’s ability one’s own unfamiliar and
acquire and to relate feelings, ambigous
apply knowledge effectively with emphaty for behavior the
including others others, and same way that
solving regulation of person’s
problems emotion to compatriot
enhance living would
THE TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE BY ROBERT
STERNBERG
Componential Intelligence (analytical) – involves
components used in thinking eg. Solving abstract
problems
Experiential Intelligence (creative) – focuses on how
people perform on tasks w/ which they have either little
or no previous experience or else great experience
Contextual Intelligence (practical) – type of everyday
intelligence or street smarts, incorporates the ideas of
common sense and wisdom
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES BY HOWARD
GARDNER
1. Linguistic
Makes people able to communicate through
language including reading, writing, and speaking.
E.g. Novelist, poets, copywriter, scripwriter, editors, magazine
writers, public relations director
2. Logical-Mathematical
Covers abstract thought, precision, counting, organization,
and logical structure, enabling the individual to see
relationship between objects and solve problems
E.g. Mathematicians, scientists, engineers, animal trackers,
police investigators, lawyers
3. Musical
Gives people the capacity to create and understand
meanings made out of sounds and to enjoy different types of
music
E.g. Performers, composers, conductors, musical audience,
recording engineers, and makers of musical instruments
4. Spatial
Enables people to perceive and manipulate images in their
brain and to re-create them from memory
Blessed with abilities concerning keen observation, visual
thinking, mental images, metaphor, essence of the whole,
and gestalt
E.g. Architects, painters, sculptors, navigators, cheese
players, theoretical physicians, and battlefield commanders
5. Bodily-kinesthetic
Enables people to use their body and perceptual and motor
systems in skilled ways such as dancing, playing sports, and
expressing emotion through facial expression
E.g. Athletes, dancers, actors, inventors, mimers, surgeons,
karate teachers, and the mechanically gifts
6. Intrapersonal
Has highly accurate understanding of himself or herself
Sensitive to his or her own values, purpose, feelings, and has
a developed sense of self
E.g. Novelists, counselors, wise elders, philosophers, gurus,
and persons with deep sense of self
7. Interpersonal
Makes it possible for persons to recognize and make
distinctions among the feelings, motives, and intention of
others, as in managing people and parenting children
E.g. Politicians, teachers, religious leaders, counselors,
salesman, and managers.
8. Naturalist
Possesses the ability to seek patterns in the external physical
environment. As a result, the opportunity to enrich all the
other seven intelligences is provided.
Personality - refers to the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others.
Determinants of
Personality
Hereditary Environmental Factors
• Physical stature • Cultural
• Facial attractiveness • Social
• Gender • Situational
• Temperament
• Muscle composition and
reflexes
• Energy level
• Biological rhythms
PERSONALITY FACTORS AND TRAITS
FACTORS
1. Emotional Stability
a. Emotionally stable person - calm, self-confident, secure
b. Emotionally unstable person - nervous, depressed, insecure
2. Extraversion
a. Extravert - sociable, gregarious, assertive
b. Introvert - reserved, timid, quiet
3. Openness to Experience
a. Open minded person - imaginative, cultured, curious,
original, broadminded, intelligent,
artistically sensitive
b. Closed minded person - conventional, finds comfort in the
familiar
FACTORS
4. Agreeableness
a. Agreeable person - cooperative, warm, trusting
b. Disagreeable person -cold, disagreeable, antagonistic
5. Conscientiousness
a. Highly conscientious person - responsible, organized, dependable,
persistent
b. Person with low score on - early distracted, disorganized,
conscientiousness unreliable
6. Self-monitoring behavior
a. High self-monitor - pragmatic, chameleon-like actor in
social groups, often say what others
want to hear
b. Low self-monitor
- avoid situations that require him/her
to adapt to different outer images, is
often inflexible
FACTORS
7. Risk taking and thrill seeking
a. Risk taker -Willingness to take risks and pursue
thrills
b. Play safe person - not willing to take risks and pursue
thrills
8. Optimism
a. Optimist - tendency to experience positive
emotional states and to believe that
positive outcome will be forthcoming
from most activities
b. Pessimist
- tendency to experience negative
emotional states and to typically believe
that negative outcomes will be
forthcoming from most activities
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OR EMOTIONAL
QUOTIENT (EQ)
BY DANIEL GOLEMAN
Refers to the ability of the person to accurately perceive,
evaluate, express and regulate emotions and feelings
MORE ON PHYSICAL ABILITY
1. Sense of sight – people differ in what they actually see
2. Sense of hearing – people differ in their ability to hear;
some may not be able to distinguish one tone from
another
3. Sense of taste – a person’s tongue may be sensitive to
various tastes; taste sensitivity vary from person to
person
4. Sense of smell – people have different degrees of
sensitivity to smell.
5. Sense of touch – a person’s sense of touch may differ in
degree with another person’s.
Thank you
