Chapter 2: Properties of Fluids

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Dr. SALVADOR VARGAS DÍAZ

A 50-cm x 30-cm x 20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be moved at a constant
velocity of 0.80 m/s on an inclined surface with a friction coefficient of 0.27. (a)
Determine the force F that needs to be applied in the horizontal direction. (b) If
a 0.40-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic viscosity of 0.012 Pa-s is applied
between the block and inclined surface, determine the percent reduction in the
required force.

fn=150 N*cos20
20o
w
F

20o 0o
f 2
  * sin
*150 N*cos 20 = 38.05 N W
f
Cos 20 = (f + w sin20)/F
  38.05 𝑁 +150 𝑁 ∗sin ⁡(20)
𝐹= =95.087 𝑁
cos 20
(b) If a 0.40-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic
viscosity of 0.012 Pa-s is applied between the
block and inclined surface, determine the
percent reduction in the required force.

  𝑉 𝑓
𝜏 =𝜇 =
h 𝐴 0.4 mm

F
20o 0o

s in 2
W*
f

  𝜇 𝐴𝑉 0.012 𝑃𝑎 . 𝑠 ∗ 0.5 𝑚∗ 0.2𝑚 ∗ 0.8𝑚 /𝑠

𝑓= = =2.4 𝑁
h 0.0004 𝑚
  𝑓 +𝑊 sin (20) 2.4 +150 sin ( 20 )
𝐹= = ( 𝑁 )=57.149 𝑁
cos ⁡(20) cos ( 20 )
 percent reduction in the required force

 
39.898 %
Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity  through a circular pipe. The velocity
profile in the pipe is given as u(r)= umax(1- rn/Rn), where umax is the maximum
flow velocity, which occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the
centerline; and u(r) is the flow velocity at any position r. Develop a relation for
the drag force exerted on the pipe wall by the fluid in the flow direction per
unit length of the pipe.
𝑢
  𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑟 =0

 0 ≤𝑟 ≤ 𝑅

  
𝑑𝑈 𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔
𝜏 =𝜇 =
𝑑𝑟 𝐴


r
Lateral area
  𝑑𝑈 (𝑟 )   𝑑𝑈 (𝑟 ) 𝑟 𝑛 −1
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =𝐴 𝜇 =−𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑅

  𝑑𝑈 (𝑟 )   𝑑𝑈 (𝑟 ) 𝑟 𝑛 −1
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =𝐴 𝜇 =−𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑅

 
 𝑛−1
  𝑟 NOTA: DEBIDO A QUE
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =− 𝐴 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛 ) EL ESFUERZO
𝑅 CORTANTE OCURRE
SOBRE LAS PAREDES
  𝑅 𝑛 −1 DE LA TUBERÍA, ESTA
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =− 𝐴 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 𝑛
) ECUACIÓN SE DEBE
𝑅 EVALUAR EN LAS
PAREDES; ES DECIR EN
  1
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =− 𝐴 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 ) r = R.
𝑅  𝐴=2 𝜋 𝑅𝐿
   1
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =− 𝐴 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 )
𝑅

  1
𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =−2 𝜋 𝑅𝐿 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑛 1 )
𝑅

𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 =−2 𝜋 𝑛𝐿 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

 

  𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔
=−2 𝜋 𝑛 𝜇 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿
A thin 30-cm x 30-cm flat plate is pulled at 3 m/s horizontally through a 3.6-
mm-thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates, one stationary and the
other moving at a constant velocity of 0.3 m/s, as shown in Fig. P2–81. The
dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.027 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity in each oil
layer to vary linearly, (a) plot the velocity profile and find the location where
the oil velocity is zero and (b) determine the force that needs to be applied
on the plate to maintain this motion.

30-cm

 30-cm

  𝑉 𝑓
𝜏 =𝜇 =
h 𝐴
 V=0
h1 y

h2
y
x

Vw
  𝑉 𝐹
𝜏 =𝜇 =
h 𝐴
Para la placa inferior
  0. 3 𝑚
0.027 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠( )(0.3 𝑚 𝑥 0.3 𝑚 )
𝜇 𝑉𝐴 𝑠
𝐹inf ⁡(𝑣=0.3) = = =3.088 𝑁
h1 0.00 0236 𝑚
 V   𝑉 𝑉𝑤
Thin-plate =
h2 − 𝑦 𝑦
h2-y
 𝑉 h2 − 𝑦 h 2
h2 y +1= =
𝑉𝑤 𝑦 𝑦

y = 0.236 mm  𝑉 h2
+1=
Vw Vw x 𝑉𝑤 𝑦

 
  𝑉 𝐹
𝜏 𝑠𝑢𝑝 =𝜇 = Pa = N/m2
h1 𝐴
  3𝑚
0.027 𝑃𝑎 . 𝑠( )(0.3 𝑚 𝑥 0.3𝑚 )
𝜇 𝑉𝐴 𝑠
𝐹 𝑠𝑢𝑝 = = =7.29 𝑁
h1 0.001 𝑚

  𝑉 𝐹
𝜏 𝑖𝑛𝑓 =𝜇 =
h2 − 𝑦 𝐴

  3𝑚
0.027 𝑃𝑎 . 𝑠 ( )(0.3 𝑚 𝑥 0.3 𝑚 )
𝜇 𝑉𝐴 𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑓 = = =3.08 𝑁
h2 − 𝑦 (0.0026 −0.00023 6) 𝑚

 𝐹=𝐹 𝑠𝑢𝑝 + 𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑓 =10.37 𝑁

 Contrary to what you might expect, a solid steel ball can float on
water due to the surface tension effect. Determine the maximum
diameter of a steel ball that would float on water at 20°C, contact
angles is equal to cero degrees ( = 0o). What would your answer be
for an aluminum ball? Take the densities of steel and aluminum
balls to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3, respectively. Surface
tension () = 0.07286 N/m.

  4 3 4 2
𝑔𝜌 𝜋 𝑅 𝑔𝜌 𝑅 2
𝐹 𝑊 𝑔𝜌𝑉 3 3 2𝑔 𝜌 𝑅
𝜎 𝑠= = = = = =
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 2𝜋𝑅 2 3
Contrary to what you might expect, a solid steel ball can float on water due to the surface tension effect. Determine the maximum diameter of a steel ball that
 
would float on water at 20°C, contact angles is equal to cero degrees ( = 0o). What would your answer be for an aluminum ball? Take the densities of steel and
aluminum balls to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3, respectively. Surface tension () = 0.07286 N/m.

For steel ball

  2 𝑔 𝜌 𝑅2 2 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 2
𝜎 𝑠= = (9.81 )(78000 )𝑅
3 3 𝑠2 𝑚3
 
3 𝜎𝑠 3 ( 0. 0 7286 ) 𝑁 /𝑚
𝑅=
2𝑔 𝜌
=
√ √ 𝑚
2 (9.81 )(7800
𝑠2
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
)
−3
=3.77 x 10 𝑚

D = 7.44 mm
 For Alluminium

 
3 𝜎𝑠 3 ( 0. 0 7286 ) 𝑁 /𝑚
𝑅=
√
2𝑔 𝜌
=

√ 𝑚
2 (9.81 )(2 700
𝑠2
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
)
−3
=6.42 x 10 𝑚

D = 12.84 mm