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Algebraic Curves: Analytic Geometry by Fuller and Tarwater Pages 161-170

The document discusses different types of algebraic curves including polynomial curves and rational functions. It provides guidelines for graphing these curves, such as determining intercepts and asymptotes. Examples are given to demonstrate graphing polynomial curves with various symmetries as well as rational functions, identifying important features like horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

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200 views15 pages

Algebraic Curves: Analytic Geometry by Fuller and Tarwater Pages 161-170

The document discusses different types of algebraic curves including polynomial curves and rational functions. It provides guidelines for graphing these curves, such as determining intercepts and asymptotes. Examples are given to demonstrate graphing polynomial curves with various symmetries as well as rational functions, identifying important features like horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Uploaded by

leepatrickbanez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Algebraic Curves

Analytic Geometry
By Fuller and Tarwater
Chapter 5
Pages 161-170
Symmetry
A curve is symmetric to x-axis if for each point (x,y) of
the curve, the point (x,-y) also belongs to the curve.

A curve is symmetric to y-axis if for each point (x,y) of


the curve, the point (-x,y) also belongs to the curve.

The point (x,y) and (-x,-y) are symmetric with respect


to the origin
Test for symmetry
If an equation is unchanged when y is replaced by –y, then the
graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

If an equation is unchanged when x is replaced by –x, then the


graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

If an equation is unchanged when both x and y is replaced by –


x and –y respectively, then the graph is symmetric with
respect to the origin.

Note: If a curve is symmetric with respect to both x and


y-axis, then it is also symmetric with respect to the origin.
Polynomial Curves
A polynomial function is an expression of
the form
n n 1
y  a0 x  a1 x    an 1 x  an
Where each coefficient a i is a real number,
and where n is a positive integer. If a 0  0 the
polynomial is of degree n.
Guidelines for Graphing
1. Express the equation in the form y= _______.
A polynomial in x.
2. Write the equation in (1) in factored form.
3. Solve for the intercepts.
• x-intercept: set y=0, solve for x.
• y-intercept: set x=0, solve for y.
4. Divide the coordinate system in regions. Identify the
intervals. (Scope of the graph)
5. Graph the equation.
Example1: Discuss the graph of the
following polynomial curves.
y  x  13x  12
3

1. Symmetry: no symmetry
 y  x 3  13x  12  y   x 3  13x  12
y  ( x)3  13( x)  12  y   x 3  13x  12
 y  ( x)3  13( x)  12   y   x 3  13x  12  y  x 3  13x  12

2. Factored Form: y=(x-4)(x+1)(x+3)


3. Intercepts:
x-int: if y=0, x={-3, -1, 4}
y-int: ix x=0, y=-12

4. Scope:
Interval Test Number y-value
(-,-3) -4 -24
(-3,-1) -2 6
(-1,0) -0.5 -5.626
(0,4) 1 -24
(4,) 5 48
Example2: y   x  1( x  2)
2 2
Rational Functions
A rational function is a function of the form

N ( x)
f ( x) 
D( x)
Where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials.

Note: For graphing rational functions, we determine


their asymptotes if they exists.
Asymptotes:
Vertical Asymptotes: Find all x where D(x)=0.
Horizontal Asymptotes:
In general, for an equation of the form
n
Ax  (terms of lower deg)
f ( x) 
Bx d  (terms of lower deg)
Take three possibilities:
 If d=n, y  Ais a horizontal asymptote.
B
 If d<n, y=0 is a horizontal asymptote
 If d>n, there is no horizontal asymptote.
Example: Find a horizontal asymptote if it
exists.
3x 3  2 x 2  x  5
1. f ( x)  3 2
2 x  4 x  8x  1

2
3x  5 x  6
2. f ( x) 
2x3  7x 2  5
Example1: Examine the equation and draw
the graph of
8
f ( x) 
x2  4
Asymptotes:
V.A: x=2, x=-2
H.A: y=0

Intercepts:
x-int: none
y-int: y=-2
Example1: Examine the equation and draw
the graph of . y 
 x  3  x  1 
 x  1  x  2 

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