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CT and VT Sizing

This document discusses current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) used for protection and metering in power systems. It defines different types of CTs including metering class, protection class, and differential protection class. It explains the importance of selecting the proper accuracy limit factor (ALF) for protection CTs. It also discusses the definitions of instrument safety factor (ISF) and ALF. The document provides examples of calculating actual ALF and selecting the proper CT and PT ratios.

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Maheswari
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466 views21 pages

CT and VT Sizing

This document discusses current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) used for protection and metering in power systems. It defines different types of CTs including metering class, protection class, and differential protection class. It explains the importance of selecting the proper accuracy limit factor (ALF) for protection CTs. It also discusses the definitions of instrument safety factor (ISF) and ALF. The document provides examples of calculating actual ALF and selecting the proper CT and PT ratios.

Uploaded by

Maheswari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CT / VT

Need for CT sizing


Overestimation

• Overestimation of the short-circuit current can lead to feasibility problems, overrating and high CT costs.

Underestimation

• On the other hand, underestimation of the short-circuit current can lead to failure to detect the fault, thus destroying
the equipment, placing the operator in danger and generating operating downtime.

Accuracy

• An output power or accuracy error can result in a malfunction or in failure to trip of the protection devices, thus
destroying the equipment, placing the operator in danger and generating operating downtime.
• An error in defining the accuracy class of a metering winding will lead to incorrect energy billing and thus a loss of
income for the electrical utility or the customer
TYPES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Metering class CT P class CT PS class CT

Used for differential


Used for the
Used for protection of protection of
measurement of
electrical network. transformer, motor
electrical parameters.
and generator.
PROTECTION CT INSTRUMENT CT

• Saturate sufficiently high to allow a relatively • Good accuracy around the nominal current value.
accurate measurement of the fault current by the • The metering instruments do not need to withstand
protection currents as high as the protection relays.
• Operating threshold can be very high. • Have the lowest possible Safety Factor (SF) in order
• Current transformers are thus expected to have an to protect these instruments through earlier
Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) that is usually fairly high. saturation.
• Note that the associated “relay” must be able to
withstand high overcurrents.
Nameplate of a CT
ISF & ALF
Measurement CT Protection CT

• Intended for maintaining its measurement accuracy • The accuracy limit factor for protection class ct is of
during normal operation of the electrical network paramount importance.
• The accuracy during the fault condition does not • Before selection of protection class the network fault
matter for metering class CT. current should be calculated, and the protection class
• The metering class CT should have adequate CT should be selected accordingly.
instrument safety factor(ISF) so that the equipment • Maintain the measurement accuracy during fault
connected to it remains safe during fault condition. condition to protect the electrical network.
• The metering class CT saturates during fault and thus
it protects the measuring instruments connected to
it.
Definition of Accuracy LIMIT Factor(ALF)
The accuracy limit factor (ALF) of the CT is defined as the ratio of rated accuracy limit primary current
to rated primary current.

The protection class CT is marked as 5P10 or 5P20.

Here, P stands for protection class, 20 is the accuracy limit primary current and 5 stands for composite
error of the CT when accuracy limit current flows through the primary of the current transformer.
Given data : CT is 5P20 with CTR 200/1. The ALF is 20.

Ct accuracy class is 5. It means if 20 times of the rated primary current(4000 amperes) flows in the
primary at the time of fault, the CT reads the current with 5 % accuracy.

This factor (in x 20) 20 is called the accuracy limit factor(ALF).

If the current in the primary of ct exceeds above 20 times of the primary rated current

The secondary current will be distorted and the protection is not guaranteed.

It is very important to select the alf of ct correctly for reliable protection of electrical network.
Protection type CT
Here the trafo sec current = 2000 /( 1.732*0.433)
2 MVA
11/0.433 kV = 2666.82 A
%Z= 7%
With 20% margin = 3200 A
Metering , Here the CT ratio will be 3200/1 A or 3200/5 A
protection
Trafo fault current = 39 kA
Ratio In/Isc <20
The protection class will be 5P20
Metering type
• 0.2 and 0.5 CT are used for critical purpose
• ISF – instrument security factor.
• ISF < 5
How to Calculate actual ALF of CT?
• The actual accuracy limit factor(ALF) of CT may differ from the rated ALF.
• Actual accuracy limit factor of CT can be calculated using following mathematical formula.
An example
• A protection class CT is rated 200/5,5P20,15 VA.
• The CT internal secondary resistance is 0.08 Ω, the secondary burden (including wires and relay) is
0.118 Ω. Calculate actual accuracy limit factor of CT
• The CT ALF increases with decrease in CT burden. The graph between CT burden and
actual CT ALF is as shown below.

• Therefore, CT burden must be as low as possible for getting the better accuracy limit
factor of CT.
Potential transformer
• Line PT
• Bus PT
• Burden : 50 / 200 VA
• Three single phase transformers are connected

• Ratio = pri.vol/ (110/√3)


Broken delta
• Used for earth fault measurement with respect to voltage
• Normally the voltages are 120 deg apart
• During earth the case is different
•
• Ratio = pri.vol/ (110/3)
Common PT configuration

Metering

27/69

69N
Capacitive voltage transformer
• Used in HV systems 220 kV, 400kV and
above
• Reduces the cost and size
• The capacitive effect can be compensated
by the reactor
Motor feeder protection
Transformer feeder protections

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