ME 201: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FUNDAMENTALS

Md. Alamgir Hossain

Lecturer (ME)
Department of Textile Engineering
Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)

1
 CONTENTS

 Fluid machine
 Impulse turbine
 Reaction turbine
 Differences between impulse & reaction turbine
 Centrifugal pump
 Mathematical problem
 Fan
 Blower
 Compressor
 Applications of different fluid machines

2
 FLUID MACHINE

 A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored

by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.

 Energy converted by the machines from a liquid are-

- Turbine.
- Pump.
 Energy converted by the machines from gaseous fluid are-
- Fan.
- Blower.
-Compressor.

3
 IMPULSE TURBINE

 An impulse turbine is a turbine that is driven by high velocity

jets of water or steam from a nozzle directed on to vanes or
buckets attached to a wheel. The resulting impulse spins the
turbine.

Figure-1: Impulse turbine.

4
 REACTION TURBINE
 A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by
reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid. The pressure of the
fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades.

Figure-2: Reaction turbine.

5
 DIFFERENCES
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
1. All the available energy of the fluid 1. Available energy partially converted
is converted into kinetic energy. into kinetic energy and partially
potential energy.

2. Throughout the process working 2. Throughout the process working

pressure is atmospheric. pressure is above atmospheric.
3. Blades are only in action when they 3. Blades are in action all the time.
are in front of the nozzle.
4. Water may be allowed to enter a part 4. Water is admitted over the
or whole of the wheel circumferences. circumferences of the wheel.
5. Unit is installed above the tail race. 5. Unit is kept entirely submerged in
water below the tail race.

6. This turbine produces high head. 6. This turbine produces medium head.
6
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 The machine which is used to convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid
is called centrifugal pump.
 Main parts of a centrifugal pump are-

1. Suction pipe with foot valve & strainer. 2. Impeller.

3. Casing. 4. Delivery pipe with delivery valve.

Figure-3: Centrifugal pump with different parts. 7

WORKING PROCEDURE

8
 PRIMING
 An operation in which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and a
portion of the delivery pipe up to delivery valve is completely
filled up with the liquid to be raised before starting the pump is
called priming.

Figure-4: No need of priming. Figure-5: Priming is necessary.

9
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
1. After priming, impeller in rotating motion forces out the liquid
towards the circumferences.
2. Due to this, a negative pressure is
generated at the center of the pump
which sucked the liquid from sump
into the casing.

3. Then the kinetic energy of high

velocity water is converted into pressure Figure-6: Suction & Delivery
of liquid.
energy because of diverging passage of casing.

10
 CAVITATION
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapor
bubbles of flowing fluid in a region where the pressure of the liquid
falls below its vapor pressure and suddenly collapsing of these vapor
bubbles in a region of high pressure.
Effects:
1.Produced cavities.
2. Damaged metallic surfaces.
3. Produced noise, vibration.
4. Decrease the efficiency.
Precaution: Figure-7: Cavitation.
Special materials or coatings such as- Aluminum, bronze or stainless
steel can be used to resist cavitation

11
 MULTI-STAGE PUMP
A multistage centrifugal pump has two important functions-
1. To produce a high head.
2. To discharge a large quantity of liquid.
 If a high head is to be produced, pumps are connected in series.
 On the other hand, if a large quantity of liquid is to be
discharged, pumps are connected in parallel ways.

12
 APPLICATIONS

Centrifugal pumps are used in a variety of application. Such as-

- Agriculture & irrigation purposes.
-Pumping of water in buildings.
-Chemical and petro-chemical industries.
-Various food & beverage, pharmaceuticals and milk
companies.
-Transfer raw materials.

13
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS CURVE

Figure-8: Main characteristics curve of centrifugal pump.

14
OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS CURVE

Figure-9: Operation characteristics curve of centrifugal pump.

15
 FORMULAS
1.  To find out the specific speed-
for pump for turbine

2. To find out the power-

for pump, for turbine,

16
 PROBLEM

Problem:
Find the specific speed of a centrifugal pump, delivering 500
liters of water per second against a head of 20 meters at 700 rpm.

This is math no. 20 in supply note, math no. 19, 23 must be

practiced yourself.

17
 SOLUTION
Given,
 
Q = 500 liters/sec. = 0.50 / sec.
H = 20 meters, N = 700 rpm.
We know,
specific speed,
=
= 52.337 rpm. (Ans.)

18
 FAN
 A fan is a gas pump with relatively low pressure rise and high flow
rate.
Examples: ceiling fan, fan used in computers, radiator fans used in
cars etc.
 Pressure ratio upto 1.11
 Pressure ratio may be defined as the ratio of the discharge pressure
over the suction pressure.

Figure-10: Ceiling fan.

19
 BLOWER
 A blower is a gas pump with relatively moderate high pressure rise and
moderate high flow rate.
Examples: leaf blower, hair dryers, air blowers in furnace etc.
 Pressure ratio 1.11 to 1.20.

Figure-11: Backpack leaf

blower.
20
 COMPRESSOR
 A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of
a gas by reducing its volume.
 Its pressure ratio above 1.20
 An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Figure-12: Reciprocating type compressor.

21
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPRESSOR

 Centrifugal compressor used in-

- Food & beverage.
- Pharmaceuticals industries.
- Textile industries.
- Oil refining & chemical processing industries.
 Reciprocating compressor used in-
- Air conditioning & refrigeration unit.
- Bicycle pump.
 Axial compressor used in-
- large gas turbine.
- Aerospace engine.

22
THANK YOU

23