Reviewer in Police Photography Latest Update 072314

Reviewer in
Police Photography
By
MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
4th Place, Criminologists Board Exams,
October 1996, Manila
melcon s. lapina, mscrim

1. He was able to obtain camera images on
papers sensitized with silver chloride
solution in 1816. He invented a
photographic process which he called
“heliography,” meaning “writing of the
sun.”
a. John Frederick William Herschel
b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
c. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
d. William Henry Fox Talbot

ANSWER
2. The art or science of photographically
documenting a crime scene and
evidence for laboratory examination
and analysis for purposes of court
trial.
a. Forensic Photography
b. Modern Photography
c. Police Photography
d. Technical Photography
ANSWER
3. Literally means dark chamber
a. Diaeta aquilus
b. Anacleta atramentum
c. Thalamus attratus
d. Camera obscura
ANSWER
4. A light tight box, with a means of
forming the image (lens), holding
sensitized materials (film holder),
and with a means of controlling the
amount of light that reach the film.
a. Shutter
b. Aperture
c. Camera
d. Lens
ANSWER
5. The best way to determine the entire
coverage of the camera is to look behind
the lens of the camera. In this manner, the
object can be framed properly and
recorded on the film. This type of camera
eliminates the problem on parallax error.
a. Single-Lens Reflex
b. Twin-Lens Reflex
c. Press Type Camera
d. Viewfinder Type
ANSWER
6. The difference between the image seen by
the viewing system and that recorded on the
film. Problems occur as the subject moves
closer to the taking lens when using Twin-
Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras.
a. Aberration
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
ANSWER
7. The object to be photographed looks
double when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
b. Rangefinder
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type
ANSWER
8. Functions much like the iris of the
eye—it controls the effective diameter
of the lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens
ANSWER
9. A lens with one convex and one
concave side is convex-concave.
a. Biconcave
b. Biconvex
c. Meniscus
d. Plano-Convex
ANSWER
10. A lens aberration in which off-axis
light rays focus at different distances
when they pass through different
areas of the lens.
a. Astigmatism
b. Chromatic aberration
c. Spherical aberration
d. Coma
ANSWER
11. Lens with focal lengths greater than
50mm.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens
ANSWER
12. The material necessary to produce a
positive print is
a. Sensitized paper
b. Film
c. Emulsion
d. Filter
ANSWER
13. A homogenous medium, which
absorbs and transmits differentially
light rays passing through it.
a. Sensitized paper
b. Filter
c. Film
d. Emulsion
ANSWER
14. A part of this electromagnetic
spectrum that creates the sensation
of light when it falls on the human
eye.
a. Visible light
b. UV light
c. X-rays
d. Infrared light
ANSWER
15. It is impenetrable to light.
a. Transparent
b. Translucent
c. Fluorescence
d. Opaque
ANSWER
16. Object in open space casts a deep and
uniform shadow
a. rainy sunlight
b. bright sunlight
c. hazy sunlight
d. dull sunlight
ANSWER
17. The process of removing unexposed
silver halides remaining in the
emulsion after the first stage of
development of the latent image.
a. stop bath
b. fixation
c. development
d. washing and drying
ANSWER
18. A developer for film.
a. Dektol
b. D-76
c. Hypo
d. Glacial acetic acid
ANSWER
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 19
19. The so-called camera in reverse.
a. Contact printer
b. Enlarger
c. Projector
d. Magnifier
ANSWER

20. Photographs are being used in police
work to deter would-be offenders in
committing crime.
a. Identification purposes
b. Recording actions of offenders
c. For crime prevention
d. Public information
ANSWER
1. He was able to obtain camera images on
papers sensitized with silver chloride
solution in 1816. He invented a
photographic process which he called
“heliography,” meaning “writing of the
sun.”
a. John Frederick William Herschel
b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
c. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
d. William Henry Fox Talbot invented

PERSONALITY CONTRIBUTION
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Heliography – writing of sun.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerreotype – photograph on silver or
Daguerre silver-covered copper plate; positive
image. Fixation is permanent by hypo.
William Henry Fox Talbot Calotype – paper negative with light
sensitive compounds on surface. Fixation
is partial.
John Frederick William Coined photography. Applied terms
Herschel negative and positive to photography.
Frederick Scott Archer Collodion process – preceded modern
gelatin emulsion.
Richard Leach Maddox Lightweight gelatin negative plates
George Eastman Eastman Kodak Company & roll of film

Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) Described camera obscura.
Josef Maximilian Petzval Designed first lens specifically for
photographic use
Geronimo Cardano Fitted biconvex to camera obscura.
Thomas Sutton Patented first single-lens reflex.
Johann Christoph Voigtländer Produced lens for use in first all-metal
unitized camera.
Daniel Barbaro Suggested use of diaphragm to sharpen
image.

Edwin H. Land Introduced “Polaroid” – one-step
photography
James Clark Maxwell Color photography
Odelbrecht 1st advocate in use of photography for (1) ID of
criminals, & (2) documentation of (a) evidence
& (b) crime scenes
Alphonse Bertillon Utilized photography as part of his system of
identification
Victor Balthazard Used photographic enlargements of bullets &
cartridge cases to determine weapon type &
was among first to attempt to individualize
bullet to weapon
Archibald Rudolph Reiss Suggested use of photography in forensic
science and establish world’s earliest
laboratory in Switzerland.
Test of Retention
Proceed to Next Question
2. The art or science of photographically
documenting a crime scene and
evidence for laboratory examination
and analysis for purposes of court
trial.
a. Forensic Photography
b. Modern Photography
c. Police Photography
d. Technical Photography

DEFINITION OF TERMS
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Etymological/Literal To write with light. Gr. Phos – light & Graphia –
write
Modern Definition Reproduction of images: light, sensitized materials,
camera and its accessories, and the chemical
processes.
Technical/Legal Chemical, thermal, electrical or electronic
recording of the images of scenes, or objects thru
XUVI.
Police Photography Photography applied to police work.
Forensic Photography Documenting crime scene & evidence for
laboratory examination and court trial.
Test of Retention
3. Literally means dark chamber
a. Diaeta aquilus
b. Anacleta atramentum
c. Thalamus attratus
d. Camera obscura

CAMERA
OBSCURA
 Latin veiled chamber or dark room
 An optical device in drawing or

entertainment.

4. A light tight box, with a means of
forming the image (lens), holding
sensitized materials (film holder),
and with a means of controlling the
amount of light that reach the film.
a. Shutter
b. Aperture
c. Camera
d. Lens

CAMER
A box – devoid of light
 Light-tight
 Lens – focusing rays of light

 Film holder
Basic parts
 Shutter
 Viewing system
 Film advancer Test of Retention
 Shutter speed
Other parts
 Lens aperture
 Focusing mechanism View NIKON
FM 10 Parts
5. The best way to determine the entire
coverage of the camera is to look behind
the lens of the camera. In this manner, the
object can be framed properly and
recorded on the film. This type of camera
eliminates the problem on parallax error.
a. Single-Lens Reflex
b. Twin-Lens Reflex
c. Press Type Camera
d. Viewfinder Type

Major Types of Camera
Type Description
Viewfinder Type Smallest & simplest type; a.k.a. instamatic;
suffers parallax error
Single Lens Reflex Looking behind the lens of the camera;
eliminates parallax error
Twin Lens Reflex Type Two lenses: viewing and focusing lens, & taking
lens; suffers parallax error
View or Press Type Biggest and most sophisticated; not for candid &
action photography
Special Cameras Polaroid, panoramic cameras, aerial cameras,
miniature and ultra-miniature cameras, digital
cameras

6. The difference between the image seen by
the viewing system and that recorded on the
film. Problems occur as the subject moves
closer to the taking lens when using Twin-
Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras.
a. Aberration
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
Test of Retention
7. The object to be photographed looks
double when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
b. Rangefinder
TOPIC: Control of Camera
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type

Control of
Camera
Type Description
Focusing Setting of proper distance in
order to form sharp image.
Diaphragm Usu. serves as aperture stop, &
controls aperture; like iris of eye.
Shutter Barriers of rays of light

Control of
Camera
Three Types of Focusing
Type Description
Rangefinder Type For viewfinder, instamatic camera and
35mm cameras: 1. coincidence – object
appears double when out of focus; 2. split –
object appears split when out of focus.
Ground Glass Object appears blurred when out of focus.
Type
Scale Bed Type Focusing is made by calculating or
estimating distance of object to be
photographed. Focusing ring is adjusted to
corresponding estimated distance.

8. Functions much like the iris of the
eye—it controls the effective diameter
of the lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens

Control of
Camera
Characteristics:
A.k.a. Lens Opening or Aperture
Size of aperture: measured by f/numbers
or f/stops
Diaphragm
Ratio of f/# to aperture: larger number of
f/# : smaller aperture.
Small aperture: increased depth of field –
nearest and farthest object in the same
sharpness.

Control of
Camera
Characteristics
Allows light to pass for determined
period of time.
Purpose: Expose photographic film,
Shutte
light-sensitive electronic sensor to
r
light.
Shutter Speed. About exposure time,
effective length of time shutter is
open.

Control of
Camera
Shutter is expressed in a fraction of a
second. The different shutter speeds are:
1 or 1/1 sec, 60 or 1/60 sec,
2 or 1/2 sec, 125 or 1/125 sec,
4 or 1/4 sec, 250 or 1/250,
8 or 1/8 sec, 500 or 1/500 sec,
15 or 1/15 sec, 1000 or 1/1000,
30 or 1/30 sec, 2000 or 1/2000

Camera shutters often include one or
two other settings for making very long
exposures:
B (for bulb) — keeps shutter open as
long as shutter release is held.
T (for time) — keeps shutter open
until shutter release is pressed again.

Exposure: Aperture & Shutter Speed
Both control the amount of light reaching the

film.
Aperture Shutter Speed
Lens opening Time shutter is open
Smaller opening Longer time
COMPENSATION
Click to know: Exposure Metering

Exposure Priority
Aperture Priority
Purpose Aperture Shutter Speed Result
Show entire Small Slow Good depth of field.
scene
Select or Big Fast Object selected –
highlight sharply focused.
particular Foreground and
object in scene background – poor.

Exposure Priority
Shutter Speed Priority
Purpose Shutter Speed Aperture Result
Maximizing Slow Small Much of scene is
sharpness sharp.
Taking Very slow Very small Cityscapes at
nightscapes night are clearly
seen using
available light.
Freezing action Fast Big Action is frozen.
in mid-air
Test of Retention
9. A lens with one convex and one
concave side discusses
This topic is convex-concave.
about LENS.
a. Biconcave
b. Biconvex
c. Meniscus
d. Plano-Convex

The Lens
Optical device w/ perfect or

approximate axial symmetry w/c
transmits & refracts light,
converging or diverging beam.

10. A lens aberration in which off-axis
light raysTOPIC:
focus asInherent
different distances
when they pass Lensthrough different
areas of the lens.
Defect/Aberration
a. Astigmatism
b. Chromatic aberration
c. Spherical aberration
d. Coma

Lens Aberrations
Defect
Defect Description
Description
Relective
Incapable
Size
Lightofpassing
Another
Image
Inability image
formeddefect
of
of
form rendering
produced
lens
through
by oftoofspherical
lens lens;
bring
comes
near prevents focusing of
straight
by photographic
photographic
lines correctly
CENTRAL
to
aberration
sharper rays
PARTbut of
focus
rays in–
is
sharply
either
one wavelength
CONVERGING
concerned
curved
different defined image &
horizontal
surface
wavelengths
with isor
than
LENSdifferent
vertical
light
flat
to is
surface.
same from
lines
from
bended
rays insize
focus. bringing
object.
produced
entering
more sharply
lens
Astigmatism
Spherical of Field
Curvature
Chromatic horizontal
by
thananother.
obliquely.
those rays & vertical
falling in lines
edge. to sharp focus at
Caused
Correction
Ultravioletby placement
same time on rays
offlat surface
this
– bent ofmost
defect diaphragm.
is similar to spherical
Chromatic
aberration
Coma
Aberration Rays coming
aberration
Infrared
Size
Defect
Barrel & from
rays coma.
– bent
ofisdistortion
image
noticeable edges
increases:
– only
(1)
areouter
on focused
leastdiaphragm:
wavelength on &
edges
in
plane
ofnot
frontrays
on
of
Difference of nearer lens than those coming from central part.
Magnification decreases.
central part
lens, (2) straightof lens.
lines compound
near edgeslenses
of object tends
Reduced by utilizing made up
Distortion to bulge outside.
of single
Color
Circular lens made
photography:
objects up of glass
rainbow
reproduced at of
colored different
fringes
corners of
curvatures.
around
negative edges of objects;
are comet-like form. B&W photography:
Pincushion distortion – (1) diaphragm: (1)
slight blue.
behind lens, (2) straight lines near edges tends to
bend
Can’tinward.
be eliminated but reduced.
Remedy: diaphragm placed in between lens
components; two opposite distortions will
neutralize each other.

Types of Lenses
(accdg to degree of correction to lens aberration)
Type Description
Achromatic lens corrected for chromatic aberration
Rapid-rectilinear lens corrected for distortion
Anastigmat lens corrected for astigmatism as well as other
lens defects
Apochromatic lens also corrected for astigmatism but with
higher degree of correction to color
Test of Retention
Focal Length
Distance from Characteristics
Focal
optical Length
center of lens to
11. Lens with
This Measure
Type
focal
topic discusses lengths greater
about
Characteristics
than
focal
film
50mm.plane when of lens is set
light-bending or focused
power of lens. at
length.
50mm
infinity
Standard position
Measured inor far
millimetersdistance.
(mm). Click
a. Standard lens
View that it gives is similar to that of human eye.
Focalto see
here schematic
focal length diagram of focal
Longer focal length
Shorter
b. Telephoto lens
Length
length. Wider
Wide-Angle - Narrower
angle of viewangle of view
c. Wide-angle lensobjects appear in viewfinder
- Larger
Greater than 50mm
d. Zoomwithout
Telephoto lens need
Narrower angle to go move closer.
of view
Zoom Lens Variable focal length
Click to see Comparative View of Different Focal Length

Factors Affecting Depth of Field

Factors Affecting Depth of Field
Circle of Confusion – small circle seen by

eye as dot or point & not circle.
Hyperfocal Distance – nearest distance
lens is focused w/ given particular
diaphragm opening giving maximum
depth of field
Test of Retention
Emulsion Placed
Ways
Photographic Blue
of between
Exposing
Characteristics
Two sensitive
Transparent
General
papers
Main
ASA
SuspensionTypes light-sensitive
Photographic
film
Types
of
of
(American –
substrate
B
Colorare
& sensitive
of
FilmW Films Paper
emulsion
Films
Standards
of toAssociation)
UV rays
subsequently
sensitive &
Thetoughmaterial
Characteristics
12.Granularity: & film size
rating.
blue
Forms necessary
of
base,
color
of
or
a
negative
Photographic
metallic
Expressed
sometimes
only. in Ex.to on
silverproduce
arithmetical Paper
grains
Medical
(color-reversed) back value.
image of
X-raya
that
film
when
developed
Contact
1.are printing
Emulsion
formed using
silver
Emulsion
Support
after 2. gelatin-silver
Spectralsalt
Placing
development medium or 3.
of process
mixture
negative inforcontact
Granularity
exposed to
of
film.
positive
Chloride
create
Color
paper
base.
visible
negative print
Film exposed
(Blue
DIN
image. is
has slow Industrie
Sensitive)
(Deutsche
with
speed &Normen)
paper
is suited
directly
for
rating,
to
Black
Speed
film &
This topicsilver
photosensitive
Sensitivity
discusses
contact halides
Gray/Anti-Halation
which emulsion
printing.
is expressed
Permanently exposed in aboutorin
logarithmic
during viscous
Graininess
atop
films
Backing
developing it.
value.
Emulsion
Gray
a.
White
Speed
Sensitized
Absorbs Lower
paper
Orthochromatic
light by & emulsion
produce
into
film contact
opaque
– speed,
print
sensitive
anti-halation
to finer
UV
Spectral
and
Bromide papers
paper medium
E.g. Kodacolor
ISO has (as
(International
fast speed gelatin
Standards
& color.
is of solution)
Organization)
recommended
FilmPoints
Base
Enlarging to
layer. rays, Film
Accounts
grains.
to Base
blue for &
Using thickness
green
enlarger infilm.
Itorder
is Not toor
b. Film
Sensitivity rating.
A.k.a.for Expressed
slide filmprojection in combined arithmetical
printing
remember
Color Film
Prevents forming
sensitive
&
Types: to Red
Multi-layer
logarithmic
cellulose
re-exposing createColor.
values.
of coating
emulsionnitrate,
latent
film imagecoated on
cellulose on
c. EmulsionHigher emulsion speed, bigger
Forms negative
enlarging. image when exposed
Color reversal film
Exposing Being photographic
same
acetate
in Panchromatic
grains
specialized
washed
Reversed support
from &image
film
to Producing
film
positive or–plates,
duringbase. film,
polyethylene
sensitive
processing.
during to UV
photographic
developing or
Chloro-bromide
Filter is to
multi-speed & andcouldred belight
usedorin
d.
camera
paper
paper.
radiation
trephthalate
Projected
both
blue,
negative
onto screen.
contact
green,
polyester
printing & (Kodak
enlarging.
Film
all colors. developer – finer grain
Photograms trade-name: ESTAR)
E.g. Kodachrome
Paper Placing
developer objects
– upongrain
bigger it
Infra-red film – sensitive to UV rays, to
blue, green, red light & infrared rays.
Test of Retention
FILTERS
13. A homogenous TYPES OF FILTERS medium, which
absorbs and order transmits
to secure properdifferentially
Light Balance Filter to change the color quality of exposing light in
color balance for
light rays passing through it.
artificial light films.
Color Compensating to change over-all color balance of
a. Sensitized
Filter paper result obtained with color films &
photographic
to compensate for deficiencies in quality of
b. Filter exposing energy.
Neutral Density when light is too bright to allow use of desired f-
c. Film
Filter number or shutter speed with particular film.
d. Emulsionto reduce or minimize reflections on subjects
Polarizing Filter
like water glass, & highly polished surfaces.

Light: Its Characteristics & Sources
A form
White:
Light
Light:
14. part
travels of
Photographic
presence
Light
Examples this
BENDING
in straight
of
of electromagnetic
Measured electromagnetic
of
Rays
LIGHT
in all
isOFDiffraction
traveling
line at
energy; colors.
of Modern
like186,000
wave,
explained
nanometers; in:
1nm
wavelength,
Type frequency
e.g.
Subtype
= 1 &billionth
energy.
ripples in surface
of of
meter water.
Description (10 -9
miles/second.
spectrum
1.Closely However,
that creates
Photography
spaced tracks when
onthe light
CD comes
sensation
Visible
Black: Light
absence
Specular of
or Regular
meters). all
Reflecting surface DVD
colorsor or
– very
inactcontact
of light
as with
when object,
Parts:
diffraction
Reflection it1.fallsit
Crests may
on
grating
smooth beto
the
– peaks, bended
human
2. form
absence
X-rays
in following
Reflection of light.
Troughs
manner:
400 – 700 1
– to 30
valleys
nm nm
eye.
familiar
Wavelength rainbow
Diffuse or pattern
Irregular we
Reflecting see
surface –when
rough
Reflection or granular
Ultra-Violet
looking
a. Visible at Rays
Wavelength
disk;
light 30 –todistance
400 nmbetween
Refraction Change in direction of wave due to change in speed
two consecutive peaks (or
Visible
b. UV
2.Hologram Light
light
Observed
another
when wave400
(picture
troughs) passes to
that from700 nm
one medium
changes to
when
c. X-rays
lookedApparent
Infrared
Diffractio at
Rays from
Greek different
700
of wavesto
bendingsymbol: angles)
1,000+nm
letter
around λ obstacles
small on
n d. Infrared
credit card;
and light out of waves past small openings.
spreading
(lambda)
Bending of light when it hits sharp edge of opaque
Test of Retention
object.
TOPIC:
15. KindsKinds
It is impenetrableof ofObjects
Objects
to light. Light May
Kind Description
Come in Contact w/
a. Transparent
Transparent Allows light to pass through; object on
b. Translucent
objects other side may be clearly seen.
c. Fluorescence
Translucent Allows light to pass but sufficiently
objects diffused; objects on other side may not be
d. Opaque clearly distinguished. Some may be
recognizable but detail and outline are
obscured. Ex. Opal glass, ground glass, &
oiled paper
Opaque objects Divert/absorb light, but allow no light to
pass through. Ex. Thick metal, stone, &
wood.
16. Object
FORENSICinTypes
Natural open
Light
Artificial space
Source
ofLIGHT
SOURCES Dull casts
(by
OFSunlight
Light Sourcea deep and
Sunlight)
SOURCES
LIGHT
1. uniform
1. Natural
Bright
Cloudy Light shadow
Sunlight
bright
Artificial Source Moonlight,
Objects
Objects
light sourcesin
in open
open
most lightning,
space
space casttoa
cast
useful
1.UV Lamp TOPIC: deep
no
Sources
starlight,
and
shadow
of
uniform
but
Light
sunlight,
or etc.
objectsdistinct
at
a. rainy
police work sunlight
are FORENSIC
shadow. LIGHT
2.LASER
2. Artificial – Light
farLight
distance
Man-made; Amplification
are divided
clearly into:
SOURCES.
bright sunlight
2.b.Source
through
Hazy Sunlight 1. in
visible.
Stimulated
Objects continuous
Emission
open spaceradiation
castofa
and 2. short duration.
hazy
Radiation.
c. sunlight transparent shadow.
2. Cloudy dull Objects in open space cast
3.d.Dull Sunlight
dull sunlight Objects
not in open
shadow and space cast of
visibility no
3.Alternative Light Sources
shadow.
distant objects are already
limited.
Test of Retention
17. Thetopic
This process
Chemical
Development of
Equipment
Film forremoving
STOP-BATH
FIXATION
DEVELOPMENT
FilmHow
Processing:
Processing
discusses of unexposed
Processing
Done
Film
– inconversion
about CHEMICAL of
Salts Used Fixation
1.
a.
1. Bsilver
Tank
&W
Black
Carried or&
PROCESSING outhalides
tray
White
in Reducing
trays,
of remaining
f. exposed in
Timeror mechanized
Development,
tanks,
FILM. silver the
halide
stop-
latent
Purpose:
Purpose:
Most
b. Emulsion
equipment.
image
Developing
Processing
to
removes
common
reel halt
crystalsin
theg.
emulsion
unexposeddevelopment
salts
(black silver
silver)used:
Funnel
bath, and
into
fixation.
of
halide
(1)
into metallic
emulsion
remaining after
on Photographic
silver. orthe
(Same first
film or stage
photographic
reactionby is found of
in
visible
the
sodium
paper.
c. film,
Opener image.
development
2. Color
plate,
thiosulfate
for materials
Processing
Panchromatic offilm
paper
a.k.a.
theh.Development,
photographic hypo
Photographic
latent image.
– papers.)
handled
either
in &
sponge (2)
stop-
total
washing
cartridge
Effects:
ammonium
darkness. (1) off
leavesdeveloping
(pliers) behind reduced
thiosulfate,
fix, and chemical or
metallic silver
commonly
stabilizer.
2. a.
formingstop
Color bath
image, Developed
(2) silver is insensitive
replaced with
the i. Film clips for drying to
makes film
neutralizing
d. Scissors to cut
used
Blue
further in
Emulsion
films, modern
action
it.
cyan, rapid
yellow,
orthochromatic
by light. fixer
and
films formula.
magenta
and dye.
printing
fixation
tongue of the film
b.
papers
Without
e. c.
– handled
development
Thermometer
under j.a safelight.
fixing: remaining silver halide (1)
glass or plastic bottles
quickly darkens & (2) causes severe
(gallon size) fogging of
for storing
d. washing and drying
image. mixed solutions.

Typical
DEKTOL
This
Typical
D-76
STOP-BATH
FIXING Fixing
takes
Film –
BATH Formula:
Paper
Component Developer
upFORMULA
Developer the
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Developer:
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Hypo stop-bath
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52 can
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Hydroquinone
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3. 3.Preservative
Hydroquinone
Preservative
4. Acetic Acid (28%) -- 480 ml
c.4. Hypo
Sodium Sulfite 4.5 gm
4. 4.Accelerator
5. Sodium
Neutralizers
Boric or
AcidSulfite activator
(crystals) - 100
7.5 gm
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6. Sodiumacetic
Potassium
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alumacid -- 1567.5 gm gm
5. 5.Restrainer
6. Borax
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7. Water
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This
19. TheEQUIPMENT
so-called
Types of
topic camera
FOR PAPERin
Photographic
deals reverse.
withDEVELOPING
Printing
photographic
1.
1. Three
Contact plastic trays – one
Printing 4. Timers materials are
Photographic
printing.
eachContact
a. for the printer
developer,
exposed by pressing in
stop-bath,
b. Enlarger and the fixer.
contact with the negative
(The size of the tray is
Projector
determined
c. being reproduced.
by the largest
2. Projection
prints size). Printing The image in a negative is
d. Magnifier
2. or Enlarging
Metal, plastic, or bamboooptically projected
5. Paper cutter or
tong preferably enlarged onto a print
with
rubber ends to hold the material for exposure to
prints. produce a picture image. The
3. Rubber (surgical) hand main 6. Aequipment
bigger trayisorEnlarger,
tank for
gloves. the washing
so-called camera in
prints.
reverse.
Proceed to Next Question Test of Retention
20.
ThisPhotographs
topic are
GENERAL
discusses
SPECIFIC being
aboutused
APPLICATION in policeof
application
APPLICATIONS
1. work to
Identification
photography deter would-be
purposes
to police
1.Identification Photographs
5.work. offenders
For court exhibits in
2. Recording
committing crime. and 6. For crime prevention
2.Crime-Scene Photography
preserving of evidences
a. Identification purposes
3. Discovering and 7. Public information
b. Recording
proving actions of offenders
of evidences
not readily seen by the
c. For crime prevention
naked eye.
d. Publicaction
4. Recording information
of 8. Police training
offenders

Crime
Types of CRIME
Overall
Crime SCENE
ScenePhotographs
Scene
Photo Photographs
PHOTOGRAPHY
Log Date: January 13, 2002
Case #: 02-01-0045 Characteristics
What
CameraOver-all Photographs
AIt crime
Used: scene
is a Nikon F2aphotography
written
scene record
photo Time:of
logcanphotos,
1830-1940helps
Hrs
1. Exposed with wide-angle 4. Typically taken by
give:
detailing:
eliminate
Film Type: ASA the
400 following issues:
Evidence Establishing Photographs
lens
Scene: 3567 Wayland
shooting from the four
Dr.
Photographer: SA Brown Film Roll
corners #: the
1
 It
 seeks to establish
 Administrative
Identification, visual recordcrime
data. ascene. of of
Evidence Close-Up Phtographs
the
 condition
 What
Orientation,
time the of
andphotosthe scene
were takenand
2. Documents the condition 5. These four photographs
and the
in
items
 what
and present
order.
Confusion
layout in it.as will often capture the
Issues
of the scene
 Itfound.
What they show. entire scene.
leads the viewer from the overall
3. Eliminate issues of 6. Photographs from
Other
perspective
subsequent
pertinent details
to the detailsvantage of
as deemed
specific
point can be
necessary.
contamination
objects. (e.g. taken if four photographs
tracked blood, movement are not sufficient.
of items).

Shooting the Four
Corners
Photo # 1
Photo # 2
Crime Scene
Photo # 3
Photo # 4

Overall Photograph
Example
Overall Overall
Photo #3 Photo #4
Overall Overall
Photo #1 Photo #2

Evidence Establishing Photos
Characteristics
1. Typically exposed with 4. Most overlooked
a 50mm lens. photograph in crime
scene work.
2. Frames the item of 5. It is not intended to
evidence with an easily show details, simply to
recognized landmark. frame the item with a
known landmark in the
scene.
3. Visually establishes the 6. It goes hand in hand
position of the evidence with close-up
in the scene. photograph.

Use of Establishing Photo
Where is this item

in the scene?
 The blue
background by
itself might indicate
a number of
locations.
Evidence Establishing
Example
Evidence Establishing
Photograph
Evidence Close-up Photographs
 Evidence close-up photographs are

exposed with a "macro" lens (50mm,
55mm or 105mm).
 Their function is to allow the viewer to
see all evident detail on the item of
evidence.
 You have to get close and fill the frame
with the evidence itself.
 They are taken with and without a scale.

Evidence Close-up Example
 Taken both with

and without a scale
of reference.
 Get close and fill

the frame of the
camera.

Evidence Close-up Example
Very important when

taking photos of small
items, whose detail
may affect another
analysis.
Ensure a good focus,

make the picture
sharp.

Photograph Methodology
1. Document the entire scene in-situ as soon as

possible using overall photographs.
2. Photograph all fragile evidence as soon as
possible.
3. In the documentation stage, photograph all
known evidence using evidence establishing
and evidence close-up photos.
4. As items are discovered in later stages, return
and document them fully, including
additional overall photographs if needed.

Photograph Methodology
5. Create photographs that fully demonstrate

the results of additional examinations (e.g.
latent prints, bloodstain pattern analysis,
trajectory analysis).
6. Always use a film roll reference card on the
first shot of each roll to demonstrate admin
data.
7. Always use a crime scene photo log.

Some Important Terms
1. Chromatic Difference of
Magnification – The inability of the
lens to produce image sizes of objects
with different colors.
2. Depth of Focus – It is the distance
toward and away from the film that
the lens can be moved at a given f-
value and the object still appears in
interior.
3. Hyperfocal Distance – The nearest space

at which a lens is focused with a given
particular diaphragm opening which will
give the maximum depth of field.
4. Macrophotography – The photography of
a subject so that the final image is either
unmagnified or magnified to no more than
10 times the object.

5. Microphotography – It is the facsimile of

photographs in which the image of an
object is reproduced much smaller than it
actually is.
6. Photomicrography – Photography
showing initial magnifications when the
camera is used in relation with a
microscope.

7. Photomacrography – Making large

pictures of small subjects by using a
short-focal-length lens on a long-
bellows camera.
8. Relative Aperture – The light
gathering power of the lens,
expressed in the F-number system.

Q1
answer
a. 1 – a, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – b c. 1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – b, d – a
b. 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – d d. 1 – d, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – b

Q2
answer
A photograph on silver or silver-covered
copper plate.
a. Ambrotype
b. Calotype
c. Cyanotype
d. Daguerreotype

Q3
answer
He described camera obscura clearly.
a. Alhazen
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Thomas Sutton
d. Victor Balthazard

Q4
answer
When light from the outside gets inside a dark
room (camera obscura), it is projected onto
the walls, ceiling or floors as
a. inverted image
b. real image
c. right side up image
d. virtual image

Q5
answer
Who coined the word photography and
applied the terms negative and positive to
photography?
a. Frederick Scott Archer
b. George Eastman
c. John Frederick William Herschel
d. Josef Maximilian Petzval

Q6
answer
The earliest form of a camera, consisting of a
large dark chamber with a lens opening
through which an image is projected onto the
opposite surface in its natural colors, is called
a:
a. brownie.
b. camera obscura.
c. daguerreotype.
d. zoogyroscope.
Q7
answer
_______________ invented the Polaroid
camera.
a. Edwin Land
b. Johann Christoph Voigtländer
c. Odelbrecht

Q8
answer
He used photographic enlargements of bullets
and cartridge cases to determine weapon type
was was among first to attempt to
individualize bullet to the weapon.
a. Alphonse Bertillon
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Frederick Scott Archer

Q9
answer
He patented the first single-lens reflex.
a. Alhazen
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Thomas Sutton

Q10
answer
Fixation in Daguerre’s process is permanent
because of
a. developer
b. hypo
c. rinse
d. stop-bath

Q1
answer
Who coined the word photography?
a. Daguerre
b. Herschel
c. Niepce
d. Talbot

Q2
answer
Following are the elements of photography.
I. Camera and its accessories
II. Chemical processes

a. I, II, III, IV
III. Darkness
b. I, II, III, V
IV. Electronic recording c. I, II, V, VI
V. Light d. I, III, V, VI
VI. Sensitized materials

Q3
answer
Which element of photography is
indispensable?
a. Camera
b. Light
c. Sensitized materials
d. All

Q4
answer
Forensic can be understood in any of
the following, EXCEPT
a. Court
b. Debate
c. Forum
d. Hearing

Q5
answer
It is any means for the chemical, thermal,
electrical or electronic recording of the
images of scene…
a. Etymological definition
b. Literal definition
c. Modern definition
d. Technical definition of photography

Q6
answer
There is photography even if there is no
camera. The following are examples:
a. Photogram
b. Heliograph
c. Calotype
d. Not all of the above

Q7
answer
Forensic photography is broader than
police photography as it is about
presentation of evidence in court.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True
Q8
answer
It means light.
a. Graphia
b. Gripha
c. Phos
d. Photos

Q9
answer
Forensic was derived from a Latin
which means marketplace.
a. Foreinsia
b. Forensium
c. Forensus
d. Forinsis

Q10
answer
Darkness is NOT an element of
photography.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True

Q1
answer
What is the image of light that is projected on
the walls, floors and ceilings of a room
under the concept of camera obscura?
a. Inverted image
b. Real image
c. Right side up image
d. Virtual image

Q2
answer
How many parts are there in a
camera?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9

Q3
answer
Parts of SLR camera that are literally devoid
of light are:
I. Behind the lens a. I, II, III
II. Behind the mirror b. I, III, V
III. Film area
c. II, III, V
IV. In front of the mirror
V. Shutter area
d. II, III, VI

Q4
answer
The problem of synchronization is
often encountered in
a. Film
b. Flash unit
c. Shutter speed
d. Not all of them

Q5
answer
Flash synchronization is indicated by
a. blue number of shutter speed set
ring.
b. green number of shutter speed set
ring.
c. red number of shutter speed set ring.
d. yellow number of shutter speed set
ring.
Q6
answer
This part of the camera will give you a
preview of the film speed rating of
the camera.
a. Film cartridge confirmation window
b. Film speed window
c. Frame counter
d. Viewfinder eyepiece
Q7
answer
Where will the photographer get a
preview of the scene?
a. Film cartridge confirmation
window
c. Frame counter
Q8
answer
Focuses the rays of light.
a. Film holder
b. Lens
c. Light-tight box
d. Shutter

Q9
answer
That previews how many shots of
film are available?
window
c. Frame counter
Q10
answer
The part of the camera that is manipulated
first granting the film has been inserted,
film speed of the camera has been set, and
synchronization of the flash has been set (if
there is a flash unit being inserted).
a. Aperture ring
b. Focusing ring
c. Shutter speed set ring
d. Zoom ring
Q1
answer
The smallest and simplest type of
camera
a. Single Lens Reflex
b. Twin Lens Reflex Type

c. View or Press Type
d. Viewfinder Type

Q2
answer
The following cameras may suffer
parallax error, EXCEPT
b. Special Cameras
c. Twin Lens Reflex Type
d. Viewfinder Type

Q3
answer
This problem occurs when the camera is
brought closer to the subject.
a. Distance error
b. Focal error
c. Focusing error
d. Parallax error

Q4
answer
This is taking photograph in a manner
that it is as if that the photographer
is directly viewing behind the lens.
b. Special Cameras
d. Viewfinder Type
Q5
answer
This is basically constructed with two
lenses: viewing and focusing lens, &
taking lens.
d. Viewfinder Type
Q6
answer
Which of the following does NOT
belong to special cameras?
a. Aerial cameras
b. Digital cameras
c. Instamatic
d. Polaroid

Q7
answer
A camera which is practically
unusable in candid photography?

d. Viewfinder Type

Q8
answer
Candid photography means
a. Panoramic shot
b. Portrait shot
c. Still shot
d. Stolen shot

Q9
answer
The biggest and most sophisticated
type of camera

d. Viewfinder Type

Q10
answer
Which of the following types of cameras and descriptions is
NOT true?
a. Special Cameras – Looking behind the lens of the
camera; eliminates parallax error
b. Twin Lens Reflex Type – Two lenses: viewing and
focusing lens, & taking lens; suffers parallax error
c. View or Press Type – Biggest and most sophisticated; not
for candid & action photography
d. Viewfinder Type – Smallest & simplest type; a.k.a.
instamatic; suffers parallax error

Q1
answer
Which of the following is a correct ratio of
aperture?
a. Higher number of f/# : higher aperture.
b. Larger number of f/# : bigger aperture.
c. Larger number of f/# : smaller aperture.
d. Smaller number of f/# : smaller aperture.

Q2
answer
To get a good depth of field, the aperture
should be
a. big
b. fast
c. slow
d. small

Q3
answer
It is about the effective length of time the
shutter is open.
a. Compensating
b. Diaphragm
c. Focusing
d. Shutter

Q4
answer
Following are the factors that may affect the
setting of shutter speed.
I. Ability of photographer
a. I, II, III
II. Focal length of lens b. I, IV, V
c. II, III, IV
III. Light sensitivity of the film d. III, IV, V
IV. Lighting condition
V. Motion of subjects on different angles

Q5
answer
Shutter is expressed in a
a. fraction in diameter
b. fraction of a minute.
c. fraction of a second.
d. fraction of an inch.

Q6
answer
Keeps shutter open as long as
shutter release is held.
a. Aperture setting
b. Bulb setting
c. Shutter speed setting
d. Time setting
Q7
answer
The lowest shutter speed available
for a handheld photography to
prevent camera shake is
a. 1/60
b. 1/8
c. 1/15
d. 1/30
Q8
answer
In order to show the entire scene
resulting to good depth of field, the
aperture and shutter speed combination
should be
a. big and fast, respectively.
b. big and slow, respectively.
c. small and fast, respectively
d. small and slow, respectively.
Q9
answer
To maximize the sharpness of the scene,
the shutter speed and aperture setting
should be
a. fast and big, respectively.
b. slow and big, respectively.
c. slow and small, respectively.
d. very slow and very small, respectively.

Q10
answer
If an aperture setting is smaller, the time the
shutter is open should be longer. This is
known as
a. Compensation
b. Composition
c. Exposure
d. Perspective

Q1
answer
a. 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – d, 4 – c
b. 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – a
c. 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – d
d. 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – a, 4 – b
Q2
answer
Coma aberration is seen as
a. Comet-like
b. Spherical-like
c. Bulging-like
d. Pincushion-like

Q3
answer
Thicker center and thinner sides.
a. Concave lens
b. Converging lens
c. Diverging lens
d. Meniscus

Q4
answer
Pertaining to or noting a lens that is flat on
one side and bulging on the other.
a. Negative meniscus lens
b. Plano-concave lens
c. Plano-convex lens
d. Positive meniscus lens

Q5
answer
Light passing through near central part of the
converging lens is bended more sharply than
those rays falling in the edge.
a. Coma
b. Curvature of field
c. Distortion
d. Spherical aberration

Q6
answer
Meniscus is a combination of
a. Concave-concave
b. Convex-concave
c. Convex-convex
d. Plano-convex

Q7
answer
Image formed by lens comes to sharper focus
in curved surface than flat surface.
a. Coma
c. Distortion

Q8
answer
Inability of the lens from bringing horizontal
and vertical lines to sharp focus at the same
time on flat surface.
a. Astigmatism
b. Coma
c. Distortion

Q9
answer
Size of image produced by photographic rays
of one wavelength is different from size
produced by another.
a. Chromatic aberration
b. Chromatic difference of magnification
c. Coma
d. Curvature of field

Q10
answer
In chromatic aberration, ultraviolet rays are
said to be
a. bent the least
b. bent the most
c. straighten the least
d. straighten the most

Q1
answer
As the photographer moves closer to the
subject, the depth of field is
a. fair
b. good
c. none as changing the distance will not
affect the depth of field
d. poor

Q2
answer
Of the following apertures: f/2, f/8, f/16, which
will yield the greatest depth of field?
a. f/16
b. f/2
c. f/8
d. none as changing the aperture will not


Q3
answer
In taking general photographs, the focal
length of lens to use is
a. standard lens
b. telephoto lens
c. wide-angle lens
d. zoom lens

Q4
answer
It is seen by the eye as dot or point.
a. Circle of confusion
b. Depth of field
c. Focal length
d. Hyperfocal distance

Q5
answer
One of the following is NOT true regarding
telephoto lens.
a. Larger objects appear in viewfinder
b. Longer focal length
c. Narrower angle of view
d. Variable focal length

Q6
answer
Following are true regarding focal length,
EXCEPT
a. It is measured in millimeters.
b. It is the distance from the optical center of the

lens to the film plane when lens is set or focused
at infinity position or far distance.
c. It is the measure of light-bending power of lens.
d. It is the nearest and farthest distance in the

same sharpness.

Q7
answer
Following are the factors that affect depth of
field, EXCEPT
a. changing aperture
b. changing distance
c. changing lens
d. changing shutter speed

Q8
answer
With variable focal length.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens

Q9
answer
Greater than the diagonal of its negative
material.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens

Q10
answer
Shorter focal length
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens

Q1
answer
The most versatile type of sensitized paper.
a. Bromide paper
b. Chloride-paper
c. Chloro-bromide paper
d. Bromide-chloride paper

Q2
answer
Has fast speed and is recommended for
printing or enlarging.
a. Bromide paper
b. Chloride-paper

Q3
answer
The medium setting of the aperture of the
enlarger is
a. f/8
b. f/3.5
c. f/11
d. f/22

Q4
answer
In orthochromatic film, blue objects become
darker while red objects become lighter.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True

Q5
answer
It is the film with the most natural and
realistic reproduction of scene as it appears to
the human eye.
a. Infrared film
b. Monochromatic film
c. Orthochromatic film
d. Panchromatic film

Q6
answer
Which of the following films yield the finest of
grains – ASA 200, ASA 400, ASA 700, ASA
1000?
a. ASA 200
b. ASA 400
c. ASA 400
d. ASA 1000

Q7
answer
What is the color film to use if your purpose is
to have a positive printout?
a. Color display film
b. Color enhancement film
c. Color negative film
d. Color reversal film

Q8
answer
What is the suffix to indicate that the film is
color reversal?
a. Chrome
b. Color
c. Ortho
d. Pan

Q9
answer
Following are the ways of exposing
photographic paper.
a. I, II, III, IV
I. Contact printing
b. I, II, V, VI
II. Draining c. I, III, IV, V
III. Enlarging d. II, III, IV, V
IV. Exposing in specialized camera
V. Photograms
VI. Printing

Q10
answer
In the enlarging process, it is the part of the
enlarger that is lowered or raised to get the
desired size of image.
a. Base
b. Easel
c. Head
d. Negative holder

Q1
answer
To change the color quality of exposing light
in order to secure proper color balance for
artificial light films, the photographer should
use this particular filter.
a. Color compensating filter
b. Light balance filter
c. Neutral density filter

d. Polarizing filter

Q2
answer
This filter is used to reduce or minimize
reflections on subjects like water glass,
and highly polished surfaces.

Q3
answer
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that
can be explained in the following:
I. Diversion
II. Energy
a. I, II, III
b. I, III, V
III. Frequency
c. II, III, V
IV. Radiowave
d. III, IV, V
V. Wavelength

Q4
answer
In the Subtractive Color Mixture,
cyan will absorb
a. blue.
b. green.
c. red.
d. yellow.
Q5
answer
It is the change of direction of
wave due to the change in speed.
a. Absorption
b. Diffraction
c. Reflection
d. Refraction
Q6
answer
A picture that changes when
looked at from different angles.
a. Hologram
b. Holograph
c. Photogram
d. Photograph
Q7
answer
An apparent bending of waves around
small obstacles and spreading out of
waves past small openings.
a. Absorption
b. Diffraction
c. Reflection
d. Refraction

Q8
answer
The Greek symbol for
wavelength
a. Alpha
b. Delta
c. Lambda
d. Theta
Q9
answer
Light travels in a speed of
a. 186,000 feet/second
b. 186,000 kilometers/second
c. 186,000 meters/second
d. 186,000 miles/second

Q10
answer
What is the complementary color
of blue to produce white color?
a. blue.
b. green.
c. red.
d. yellow.
Q1
answer
Divert/absorb light, but allow no light to
pass through.
a. Opaque objects
b. Tinted objects
c. Translucent objects
d. Transparent objects

Q2
answer
Which of the following light sources
can be considered as of short
duration?
a. Electronic flash
b. Incandescent lamp
c. LASER
d. Photoflood lamp
Q3
answer
What shadow does a dull sunlight
cast?
a. Deep
b. None
c. Transparent
d. Uniform
Q4
answer
An artificial light source most
useful to police work.
a. Alternative Light Source
b. Forensic light source
c. LASER
d. UV lamp
Q5
answer
Allows light to pass through; object
on other side may be clearly seen.
a. Opaque objects
b. Tinted objects

Q6
answer
Determine which of the following
is a translucent object.
a. Ground glass
b. See through glass
c. Thick metal
d. Wood
Q7
answer
Which of the following best
describes artificial light source?
a. Fake light
b. Light from fire
c. Man-made
d. Streak of light
Q8
answer
It is also known as a coherent
light.
c. LASER
d. UV lamp
Q9
answer
Objects in open space cast a deep
and uniform shadow.
a. Bright sunlight
b. Dull sunlight
c. Gloom sunlight
d. Hazy sunlight
Q10
answer
Objects in open space cast a
transparent shadow.
a. Bright sunlight
b. Dull sunlight
c. Gloom sunlight
d. Hazy sunlight
Q1
answer
Conversion of latent image in
emulsion into visible image.
a. Development
b. Fixation
c. Rinsing
d. Stop-bath

Q2
answer
What happens to silver halides when
exposed to light? It will be converted into
a. black silver.
b. hydrated silver.
c. silver chloride.
d. silver nitrate.

Q3
answer
What happens if there is no fixation?
The remaining silver halide will quickly
darken and
a. will cause over-wash color of the image.
b. will cause severe fogging of the image.
c. will cause the fading of the image.
d. will cause the whitening of the image.

Q4
answer
Which of the following should
not be handled in a safelight?
a. Blue films
b. Orthochromatic films
c. Panchromatic materials
d. Printing papers
Q5
answer
An ideal developer should have a
temperature of 200 – 210 C or in
Fahrenheit
a. 680 – 700
b. 800 – 900
c. 700 – 720
d. 900 – 1000
Q6
answer
What is the normal developing
and fixing time?
a. 5 – 6 minutes
b. 10 – 15 minutes
c. 15 – 20 minutes
d. 3 – 7 minutes
Q7
answer
What should be done to make sure
that the entire surface of the film be
covered the developed or fixer?
a. Agitation
b. Inversion
c. Rinsing
d. Tapping the bottom
Q8
answer
A developer for paper is
a. Hypo
b. D -7 6
c. Dektol
d. Hydroquinone

Q9
answer
The household name of acetic
acid is
a. Ajinomoto
b. Nescafe
c. Sugar
d. Vinegar
Q10
answer
Sodium thiosulfate is commonly
known as
a. Hypo
b. D -7 6
c. Dektol
d. Hydroquinone
Parts of Nikon FM 10
1. 9.
Shutter
18.
16.
Hot
Press
2.
17.
Exposure
Depth-of-Field
3.
8.
11.
10.
Shoe
5.
Shutter
12.
7.
Speed
Multiple
Film
Lens
4.
13.
arrow
Neck
15.
14.
Film
Film
6.
Self-Timer
Frame
Film
Aperture
Contact/Accessory
Hand
Focusing
Distance
Advance
Release
Rewind
Strap
ISO/Film
Measurement
Release
Rewind
down
Speed
Exposure
Counter
Grip
Preview
Eyelet
Lever
for
Ring
Button
Scale
Ring
Lever
Window
Knob
Button
Crank
Speed
parts
Lever
Button
Lever
label
Shoe
Set Ring
Ba
ck
to NEXT
Ca SLIDE
me
ra

Parts of Nikon FM 10
30. Film
Press
21.19.
22.
Cartridge
28.
27.
29.
Film
25.
24.
arrow
26.
23.
20.
Viewfinder
Battery
Film
Film
Film
Camera
Tripod
Cartridge
Rewind
down
Rewind
Pressure
Take
Confirmation
Sprockets
Guide
Chamber
Socket
Back
up
Eyepiece
Fork
forChamber
Button
Rails
Spool
Plate
parts
Lidlabel
Window
Ba
ck
to
Ca
me
ra

Schematic Diagram of SLR

Schematic Diagram of SLR
Back
Schematic Diagram of TLR
Back

Schematic Diagram of
Viewfinder
Back
Schematic Diagram of View of
Press Type Camera
Back
Schematic Diagram of
Digital Camera
Back

Bulb Setting
Back
Time Setting
Back

Exposure Metering
2 Modes of Exposure Measurement (NikonFM10):

1. Light pressing of shutter release button, or
2. Pressing of exposure measurement button
Back
Focal Length
Back

Comparative View of
Different Focal Lengths
Back

Black & Film Layer
Antihalation coating or layer – applied to back layer to

absorb stray reflecting light from film emulsion.
Back
Granularity
Low Speed: Fine Grained Image; right

image: small portion of whole negative on
left

Granularity
Back
High Speed: Coarse Grain w/ less

apparent sharpness in image.
Color Film
Back
Orthochromatic Film
Back
- Can be processed with red safelight

- Blue objects: lighter; red: darker

Panchromatic Film
Back
- Type of B & W film

- Sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light
- Realistic reproduction of scene as it appears
to human eye

Infrared Film
Back
- Military
Leaves:
Sensitive:
Differed
Infraredwhite
from
use:
full
skies:
plant
visual
to
conventional
light
dark,
life
spectrum
gray
vs.
almost
camouflage
in
film
infrared
of
black;
by
light
how&
images
contrasted
itinfrared
spectrum
records
against white
reflected
foliage
IR energy
& white clouds
Shutter
Back
Contact Printing
4. Under
1.
2.
3. Cut
Place
Close
negative
negatives
safe
contact
lighting,
into
printer
instrips
rows
place
&
ofon
photo
expose
sixtop
orpaper
of
size
topaper,
fitting
light.
in contact
emulsion
(Light
onto printer.
1 pc
from
side
of
photographic
Emulsion
down.
enlarger may
sidedo)
paper.
up (Usu. shiny side)
Back
8. Set
1.
2.
3.
REMEMBER:
4.
5.
6.
7. Open
Get
Turn
W/
Under
Stop
Settimer,
main
sharp
masking
down
aperture
enlarger
safe
&
lights
focus
lens
lighting,
make
Other
easel
to
off
of
on,
Maketo
widest
exposure.
image:
&adjustments
medium
place
to
place
raise/lower
test desired
setting
raising/lowering
negative
piece
strip setting:
to
should
print
of
enlarger
allow
first: into
photo
f.8.
(1) be
lots
negative
Otherwise,
under
head
paper
lens
find ofcorrect
light
to
safe
into
holder,
get
through.
lighting.
exposure
masking
desired
shiny
side of
size.
size
time:
easel.
time, up
too
image
(2) quick contrast
check
Enlarging
& hard to control
level, & (3)adjustments.
save paper
Back

Photograms
Back
Light Balance Filter
Back

Irregular Refraction
Back
Diffuse or
Irregular
Reflection

Regular Reflection
Back
Specular or Regular
Reflection
Refraction
The straw seems

to be broken, due to
refraction of light as
it emerges into the
air.
Back
Diffraction Grating
Back

Hologram of License Card
Back
Transparent Object
Back

Translucent Object
Back

Opaque Object
Back

Developing Tank
Back

Developing Tray
Back

Developing Reel
Back

Can Opener
Back

Scissors Cutting Film Tongue
Back

Ground Glass Focusing
Back

Maximizing Sharpness
Back melcon s. lapina, mscrim 227

Taking Nightscapes

Freezing Action in Mid-Air

Spherical Aberration

Spherical Aberration

Coma

Coma

Curvature of Field
Back

Barrel Distortion
Barrel Distortion
Pincushion Distortion

Pincushion Distortion

Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic Aberration

Astigmatism
Classic example of astigmatism. Left wheel: no

astigmatism. In the presence of astigmatism
(middle and right wheels) one discriminates
between the sagittal and tangential foci.

Ripples of Water
Back

Continuous Radiation
 Fluorescent lamp
 Incandescent lamp
 Carbon arc lamp
 Photoflood lamp
 Gas lamp
Back
Short Duration (Flash Unit)
 Flash bulb – burning metallic wire
 Electronic flash – burning electrical
discharge through gas-filled tube
Back
Steps in Film Processing
Loading Film into Development Tank

Development, Stop-Bath & Fixation

Essentials in Film Development
1. Developer: 200-210 C or 6. Stop-bath: 30 secs
680-700 F 7. Fixer: 5-6 mins; same
2. Developing time: 5-6 process w/ developer
mins 8. Rinsing: running water
3. Agitation: 1st 30 secs; 15-20 mins
10 secs/min of dev’t 9. Sponge negative to
4. Inversion: 3 x after remove excess water
agitation 10. Hang to dry: clean &
5. Tapping bottom: dust free
dislodge bubbles
Back
Circle of Confusion
Back
Ak.a. circle
Concept:
Limit ofLargest
we start
UNACCEPTABLE
maximumblur
noticing thingsspotor
confusion indistinguishable
getting
ACCEPTABLE
blurry from
SHARPNESS
point
melcon s.source being rendered
lapina, mscrim 247
Q1
next
a. 1 – a, 2 – d, 3 – c, 4 – b c. 1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – b, d – a
b. 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – d d. 1 – d, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – b
Q2
next
A photograph on silver or silver-covered
copper plate.
a. Ambrotype
b. Calotype
c. Cyanotype
d. Daguerreotype

Q3
next
He described camera obscura clearly.
a. Alhazen
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Thomas Sutton

Q4
next
When light from the outside gets inside a dark
room (camera obscura), it is projected onto
the walls, ceiling or floors as
a. inverted image
b. real image
c. right side up image
d. virtual image

Q5
next
Who coined the word photography and
applied the terms negative and positive to
photography?
a. Frederick Scott Archer
b. George Eastman
c. John Frederick William Herschel
d. Josef Maximilian Petzval

Q6
next
The earliest form of a camera, consisting of a
large dark chamber with a lens opening
through which an image is projected onto the
opposite surface in its natural colors, is called
a:
a. brownie.
b. camera obscura.
c. daguerreotype.
d. zoogyroscope.
Q7
next
_______________ invented the Polaroid
camera.
a. Edwin Land
b. Johann Christoph Voigtländer
c. Odelbrecht

Q8
next
He used photographic enlargements of bullets
and cartridge cases to determine weapon type
was was among first to attempt to
individualize bullet to the weapon.
a. Alphonse Bertillon
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Frederick Scott Archer

Q9
next
He patented the first single-lens reflex.
a. Alhazen
b. Daniel Barbaro
c. Thomas Sutton

Q10
Fixation in Daguerre’s process is permanent
because of
a. developer
b. hypo
c. rinse
d. stop-bath
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
Who coined the word photography?
a. Daguerre
b. Herschel
c. Niepce
d. Talbot

Q2
next
Following are the elements of photography.
I. Camera and its accessories
II. Chemical processes

a. I, II, III, IV
III. Darkness
b. I, II, III, V
IV. Electronic recording c. I, II, V, VI
V. Light d. I, III, V, VI
VI. Sensitized materials

Q3
next
Which element of photography is
indispensable?
a. Camera
b. Light
c. Sensitized materials
d. All

Q4
next
Forensic can be understood in any of
the following, EXCEPT
a. Court
b. Debate
c. Forum
d. Hearing

Q5
next
It is any means for the chemical, thermal,
electrical or electronic recording of the
images of scene…
a. Etymological definition
b. Literal definition
c. Modern definition
d. Technical definition of photography

Q6
next
There is photography even if there is no
camera. The following are examples:
a. Photogram
b. Heliograph
c. Calotype
d. Not all of the above

Q7
next
Forensic photography is broader than
police photography as it is about
presentation of evidence in court.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True
Q8
next
It means light.
a. Graphia
b. Gripha
c. Phos
d. Photos

Q9
next
Forensic was derived from a Latin
which means marketplace.
a. Foreinsia
b. Forensium
c. Forensus
d. Forinsis

Q10
Darkness is NOT an element of
photography.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
What is the image of light that is projected on
the walls, floors and ceilings of a room
under the concept of camera obscura?
a. Inverted image
b. Real image
c. Right side up image
d. Virtual image

Q2
next
How many parts are there in a
camera?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9

Q3
next
Parts of SLR camera that are literally devoid
of light are:
I. Behind the lens a. I, II, III
II. Behind the mirror b. I, III, V
III. Film area
c. II, III, V
IV. In front of the mirror
V. Shutter area
d. II, III, VI

Q4
next
The problem of synchronization is
often encountered in
a. Film
b. Flash unit
c. Shutter speed
d. Not all of them

Q5
next
Flash synchronization is indicated by
a. blue number of shutter speed set
ring.
b. green number of shutter speed set
ring.
c. red number of shutter speed set ring.
d. yellow number of shutter speed set
ring.
Q6
next
This part of the camera will give you a
preview of the film speed rating of
the camera.
a. Film cartridge confirmation window
c. Frame counter
Q7
next
Where will the photographer get a
preview of the scene?
window
c. Frame counter
Q8
next
Focuses the rays of light.
a. Film holder
b. Lens
c. Light-tight box
d. Shutter

Q9
next
That previews how many shots of
film are available?
window
c. Frame counter
Q10
The part of the camera that is manipulated
first granting the film has been inserted,
film speed of the camera has been set, and
synchronization of the flash has been set (if
there is a flash unit being inserted).
a. Aperture ring
b. Focusing ring
c. Shutter speed set ring
d. Zoom ring Ayos Na!

Q1
next
The smallest and simplest type of
camera

d. Viewfinder Type

Q2
next
The following cameras may suffer
parallax error, EXCEPT
b. Special Cameras
c. Twin Lens Reflex Type
d. Viewfinder Type

Q3
next
This problem occurs when the camera is
brought closer to the subject.
a. Distance error
b. Focal error
c. Focusing error
d. Parallax error

Q4
next
This is taking photograph in a manner
that it is as if that the photographer
is directly viewing behind the lens.
b. Special Cameras
d. Viewfinder Type
Q5
next
This is basically constructed with two
lenses: viewing and focusing lens, &
taking lens.
d. Viewfinder Type
Q6
next
Which of the following does NOT
belong to special cameras?
a. Aerial cameras
b. Digital cameras
c. Instamatic
d. Polaroid

Q7
next
A camera which is practically
unusable in candid photography?

d. Viewfinder Type

Q8
next
Candid photography means
a. Panoramic shot
b. Portrait shot
c. Still shot
d. Stolen shot

Q9
next
The biggest and most sophisticated
type of camera

d. Viewfinder Type

Q10
Which of the following types of cameras and descriptions is
NOT true?
a. Special Cameras – Looking behind the lens of the
camera; eliminates parallax error
b. Twin Lens Reflex Type – Two lenses: viewing and
focusing lens, & taking lens; suffers parallax error
c. View or Press Type – Biggest and most sophisticated; not
for candid & action photography
d. Viewfinder Type – Smallest & simplest type; a.k.a.
instamatic; suffers parallax error
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
Which of the following is a correct ratio of
aperture?
a. Higher number of f/# : higher aperture.
b. Larger number of f/# : bigger aperture.
c. Larger number of f/# : smaller aperture.
d. Smaller number of f/# : smaller aperture.

Q2
next
To get a good depth of field, the aperture
should be
a. big
b. fast
c. slow
d. small

Q3
next
It is about the effective length of time the
shutter is open.
a. Compensating
b. Diaphragm
c. Focusing
d. Shutter

Q4
next
Following are the factors that may affect the
setting of shutter speed.
I. Ability of photographer
a. I, II, III
II. Focal length of lens b. I, IV, V
c. II, III, IV
III. Light sensitivity of the film d. III, IV, V
IV. Lighting condition
V. Motion of subjects on different angles

Q5
next
Shutter is expressed in a
a. fraction in diameter
b. fraction of a minute.
c. fraction of a second.
d. fraction of an inch.

Q6
next
Keeps shutter open as long as
shutter release is held.
a. Aperture setting
b. Bulb setting
c. Shutter speed setting
d. Time setting
Q7
next
The lowest shutter speed available
for a handheld photography to
prevent camera shake is
a. 1/60
b. 1/8
c. 1/15
d. 1/30
Q8
next
In order to show the entire scene
resulting to good depth of field, the
aperture and shutter speed combination
should be
a. big and fast, respectively.
b. big and slow, respectively.
c. small and fast, respectively
d. small and slow, respectively.
Q9
next
To maximize the sharpness of the scene,
the shutter speed and aperture setting
should be
a. fast and big, respectively.
b. slow and big, respectively.
c. slow and small, respectively.
d. very slow and very small, respectively.

Q10
If an aperture setting is smaller, the time the
shutter is open should be longer. This is
known as
a. Compensation
b. Composition
c. Exposure
d. Perspective
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
a. 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – d, 4 – c
b. 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – a
c. 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – d
d. 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – a, 4 – b
Q2
next
Coma aberration is seen as
a. Comet-like
b. Spherical-like
c. Bulging-like
d. Pincushion-like

Q3
next
Thicker center and thinner sides.
a. Concave lens
b. Converging lens
c. Diverging lens
d. Meniscus

Q4
next
Pertaining to or noting a lens that is flat on
one side and bulging on the other.
a. Negative meniscus lens
b. Plano-concave lens
c. Plano-convex lens
d. Positive meniscus lens

Q5
next
Light passing through near central part of the
converging lens is bended more sharply than
those rays falling in the edge.
a. Coma
c. Distortion

Q6
next
Meniscus is a combination of
a. Concave-concave
b. Convex-concave
c. Convex-convex
d. Plano-convex

Q7
next
Image formed by lens comes to sharper focus
in curved surface than flat surface.
a. Coma
c. Distortion

Q8
next
Inability of the lens from bringing horizontal
and vertical lines to sharp focus at the same
time on flat surface.
a. Astigmatism
b. Coma
c. Distortion

Q9
next
Size of image produced by photographic rays
of one wavelength is different from size
produced by another.
a. Chromatic aberration
b. Chromatic difference of magnification
c. Coma
d. Curvature of field

Q10
In chromatic aberration, ultraviolet rays are
said to be
a. bent the least
b. bent the most
c. straighten the least
d. straighten the most
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
As the photographer moves closer to the
subject, the depth of field is
a. fair
b. good
c. none as changing the distance will not
d. poor

Q2
next
Of the following apertures: f/2, f/8, f/16, which
will yield the greatest depth of field?
a. f/16
b. f/2
c. f/8
d. none as changing the aperture will not


Q3
next
In taking general photographs, the focal
length of lens to use is
a. standard lens
b. telephoto lens
c. wide-angle lens
d. zoom lens

Q4
next
It is seen by the eye as dot or point.
a. Circle of confusion
b. Depth of field
c. Focal length
d. Hyperfocal distance

Q5
next
One of the following is NOT true regarding
telephoto lens.
a. Larger objects appear in viewfinder
b. Longer focal length
c. Narrower angle of view
d. Variable focal length

Q6
next
Following are true regarding focal length,
EXCEPT
a. It is measured in millimeters.
b. It is the distance from the optical center of the

lens to the film plane when lens is set or focused
at infinity position or far distance.
c. It is the measure of light-bending power of lens.
d. It is the nearest and farthest distance in the

same sharpness.

Q7
next
Following are the factors that affect depth of
field, EXCEPT
a. changing aperture
b. changing distance
c. changing lens
d. changing shutter speed

Q8
next
With variable focal length.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens

Q9
next
Greater than the diagonal of its negative
material.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens

Q10
Shorter focal length
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
The most versatile type of sensitized paper.
a. Bromide paper
b. Chloride-paper

Q2
next
Has fast speed and is recommended for
printing or enlarging.
a. Bromide paper
b. Chloride-paper

Q3
next
The medium setting of the aperture of the
enlarger is
a. f/8
b. f/3.5
c. f/11
d. f/22

Q4
next
In orthochromatic film, blue objects become
darker while red objects become lighter.
a. False
b. It depends
c. Sometimes
d. True

Q5
next
It is the film with the most natural and
realistic reproduction of scene as it appears to
the human eye.
a. Infrared film
b. Monochromatic film
c. Orthochromatic film
d. Panchromatic film

Q6
next
Which of the following films yield the finest of
grains – ASA 200, ASA 400, ASA 700, ASA
1000?
a. ASA 200
b. ASA 400
c. ASA 400
d. ASA 1000

Q7
next
What is the color film to use if your purpose is
to have a positive printout?
a. Color display film
b. Color enhancement film
c. Color negative film
d. Color reversal film

Q8
next
What is the suffix to indicate that the film is
color reversal?
a. Chrome
b. Color
c. Ortho
d. Pan

Q9
next
Following are the ways of exposing
photographic paper.
a. I, II, III, IV
I. Contact printing
b. I, II, V, VI
II. Draining
c. I, III, IV, V
III. Enlarging d. II, III, IV, V
IV. Exposing in specialized camera
V. Photograms
VI. Printing

Q10
In the enlarging process, it is the part of the
enlarger that is lowered or raised to get the
desired size of image.
a. Base
b. Easel
c. Head
d. Negative holder
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
To change the color quality of exposing light
in order to secure proper color balance for
artificial light films, the photographer should
use this particular filter.


Q2
next
This filter is used to reduce or minimize
reflections on subjects like water glass,
and highly polished surfaces.

Q3
next
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that
can be explained in the following:
I. Diversion
II. Energy
a. I, II, III
b. I, III, V
III. Frequency
c. II, III, V
IV. Radiowave
d. III, IV, V
V. Wavelength

Q4
next
In the Subtractive Color Mixture,
cyan will absorb
a. blue.
b. green.
c. red.
d. yellow.
Q5
next
It is the change of direction of
wave due to the change in speed.
a. Absorption
b. Diffraction
c. Reflection
d. Refraction
Q6
next
A picture that changes when
looked at from different angles.
a. Hologram
b. Holograph
c. Photogram
d. Photograph
Q7
next
An apparent bending of waves around
small obstacles and spreading out of
waves past small openings.
a. Absorption
b. Diffraction
c. Reflection
d. Refraction

Q8
next
The Greek symbol for
wavelength
a. Alpha
b. Delta
c. Lambda
d. Theta
Q9
next
Light travels in a speed of
a. 186,000 feet/second
b. 186,000 kilometers/second
c. 186,000 meters/second
d. 186,000 miles/second

Q10
What is the complementary color

of blue to produce white color?
a. blue.
b. green.
c. red.
d. yellow.
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
Divert/absorb light, but allow no light to
pass through.
a. Opaque objects
b. Tinted objects

Q2
next
Which of the following light sources
can be considered as of short
duration?
a. Electronic flash
b. Incandescent lamp
c. LASER
d. Photoflood lamp
Q3
next
What shadow does a dull sunlight
cast?
a. Deep
b. None
c. Transparent
d. Uniform
Q4
next
An artificial light source most
useful to police work.
c. LASER
d. UV lamp
Q5
next
Allows light to pass through; object
on other side may be clearly seen.
a. Opaque objects
b. Tinted objects

Q6
next
Determine which of the following
is a translucent object.
a. Ground glass
b. See through glass
c. Thick metal
d. Wood
Q7
next
Which of the following best
describes artificial light source?
a. Fake light
b. Light from fire
c. Man-made
d. Streak of light
Q8
next
It is also known as a coherent
light.
c. LASER
d. UV lamp
Q9
next
Objects in open space cast a deep
and uniform shadow.
a. Bright sunlight
b. Dull sunlight
c. Gloom sunlight
d. Hazy sunlight
Q10
Objects in open space cast a

transparent shadow.
a. Bright sunlight
b. Dull sunlight
c. Gloom sunlight
d. Hazy sunlight
Ayos Na!
Q1
next
Conversion of latent image in
emulsion into visible image.
a. Development
b. Fixation
c. Rinsing
d. Stop-bath

Q2
next
What happens to silver halides when
exposed to light? It will be converted into
a. black silver.
b. hydrated silver.
c. silver chloride.
d. silver nitrate.

Q3
next
What happens if there is no fixation?
The remaining silver halide will quickly
darken and
a. will cause over-wash color of the image.
b. will cause severe fogging of the image.
c. will cause the fading of the image.
d. will cause the whitening of the image.

Q4
next
Which of the following should
not be handled in a safelight?
a. Blue films
b. Orthochromatic films
c. Panchromatic materials
d. Printing papers
Q5
next
An ideal developer should have a
temperature of 200 – 210 C or in
Fahrenheit
a. 680 – 700
b. 800 – 900
c. 700 – 720
d. 900 – 1000
Q6
next
What is the normal developing
and fixing time?
a. 5 – 6 minutes
b. 10 – 15 minutes
c. 15 – 20 minutes
d. 3 – 7 minutes
Q7
next
What should be done to make sure
that the entire surface of the film be
covered the developed or fixer?
a. Agitation
b. Inversion
c. Rinsing
d. Tapping the bottom
Q8
next
A developer for paper is
a. Hypo
b. D -7 6
c. Dektol
d. Hydroquinone

Q9
next
The household name of acetic
acid is
a. Ajinomoto
b. Nescafe
c. Sugar
d. Vinegar
Q10
Sodium thiosulfate is commonly

known as
a. Hypo
b. D -7 6
c. Dektol
d. Hydroquinone
Ayos Na!

Reviewer in Police Photography Latest Update 072314

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Reviewer in

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

c. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

d. William Henry Fox Talbot

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

c. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

d. William Henry Fox Talbot invented

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

melcon s. lapina, mscrim 23

melcon s. lapina, mscrim 24

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

 An optical device in drawing or

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melcon s. lapina, mscrim

 Lens – focusing rays of light

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

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Both control the amount of light reaching the

Click to know: Exposure Metering

melcon s. lapina, mscrim 44

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

Optical device w/ perfect or

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melcon s. lapina, mscrim

melcon s. lapina, mscrim 49

melcon s. lapina, mscrim

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Circle of Confusion – small circle seen by

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melcon s. lapina, mscrim 62

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Where is this item

 Evidence close-up photographs are

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 Taken both with

 Get close and fill

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Very important when

Ensure a good focus,

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1. Document the entire scene in-situ as soon as

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5. Create photographs that fully demonstrate