RLC in Unacknowledged Mode – NEW

L11B: FAJ 121 0861

Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Provides the means to deliver VoIP without
delays due to retransmissions
• Useful for services which
• Require lower latency
• Tolerate higher packet loss rate
• Examples
• Real time video
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
• Operator benefit
• Ensures lowest possible delay

Improved real time service user experience

WCDMA Session Continuity, Coverage-Triggered – NEW
L11B: FAJ 121 0493
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Idle mode
• Transmission of System Information (SIB 6) including priority and
thresholds related to WCDMA neighbors
• Connected mode
• In case of bad coverage a release with redirect to WCDMA is LTE
performed. The redirect information includes the WCDMA carrier
frequency (preconfigured)
• Optionally measurement on target WCDMA carrier, to secure
existence of WCDMA coverage, may be configured

• Operator benefit
• Enables service mobility across different Radio Access
Technologies

CDMA GSM WCDMA

Provides session continuity to WCDMA

 WCDMA Session Continuity, Coverage-Triggered – NEW
Technical Overview

F1 IRAT F2
RSRP
A1
A2
B2

Good coverage Bad coverage If B2 triggers the UE is released with

A2 is configured to protect from redirect to F2, SI for reported target cell is
bad coverage 1 If A2 triggers, A1 and B2 are configured, optionally added
measurement gap is activated and a
timeout may be activated
If A1 triggers a reconfiguration with A2 is done

Alternative Bad coverage

configurations If A2 triggers the UE is released with If timeout, the UE is released with redirect to F2
redirect to F2 (“blind”), SI for a number of
2
potential target cells is optionally added A1 = Serving becomes better than threshold
A2 = Serving becomes worse than threshold
B2 = Serving becomes worse than threshold1and
inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold2
Shared LTE ran – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 0860
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Allows operators to share the same physical RBS using
MOCN (Multi Operator Core Network) or GWCN
(Gateway Core Network) functionality
• Up to 6 operators sharing e.g.
• Cabinet, Base band, Radio, Antenna and CN CN
2-6
transmission
• One common OSS for management of RAN

• Operator benefit
• Makes it possible to share spectrum
• Reuse of sharing operators existing sites for optimized
grid

Enables faster TTM and reduced cost

Shared LTE ran – NEW
Technical overview
Multi-Operator Core Gateway Core Sharing using Roaming
Cell Site Sharing Multi-Operator RAN Network (MOCN) Network (GWCN) Architecture
(MORAN)

GW, HSS, HLR,

Charging, OSS

MSC, SGSN,
MME, SGW

Cell site/
mobile site

Dedicated carrier Shared carrier Shared carrier

Operator A’s nodes or resources
Operator B’s nodes or resources Not recommended
Shared nodes and resources

L13B L12A L12A

Robust Header Compression – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 0892
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• ROHC (Robust Header Compression) is used to reduce
IP-header overhead in the air interface
• Less bits to transmit
• Improved coverage
• Useful for the case of many low bit rate streams, e.g.
VoIP

• Operator benefit
• Improved capacity
• Improved uplink coverage for e.g. VoIP

Improved capacity and uplink coverage for e.g. VoIP services

Robust Header Compression – NEW
technical Overview

• RoHC is a framework specified by the IETF to compress IP packet headers

and is in LTE used to compress headers of primarily radio bearers carrying
VoIP calls in order to increase capacity and coverage. Before ROHC can be
used a channel between the two ROHC end-points must be established.

• The following RoHC profiles are supported in L12A:

• 0x0000 No compression (RFC 4995)
• 0x0001 RTP/UDP/IP (RFC 3095, RFC 4815)
• 0x0002 UDP/IP (RFC 3095, RFC 4815)
Limited Service Mode Emergency Call Support – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1743
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Enables UEs to establish an EPS session for IMS-
based emergency calls
• without a SIM
• without a subscription
• This requires corresponding support in the EPC

112 911
• Operator benefit
• Fulfilling regulatory requirements

IMS based emergency calls without SIM or subscription

Quad Antenna Uplink Performance Package – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1744
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• This feature uses an MRC (Maximum Ration Combining)
algorithm to combine the receive signals from 4 antennas
at the eNodeB, a.k.a. 4 Way RX Diversity (4-WRXD)
• Together with the optional feature IRC (Interference
Rejection Combining) the optimal combination of IRC and
MRC is used

• Operator benefit
• Improves cell edge and cell average bit rates
• Improved UL -> Higher downlink throughput
• Coverage improvements in the order of 3 dB, depending
on the antenna configuration
• Reduced CAPEX

Improved end user experience

Quad Antenna Uplink Performance Package – NEW
Technical overview

• Simulation setup
• 10 MHz bandwidth, Pedestrian channel, low speed
• No antenna correlation 1
10 MHz, EPA 5

0.9
3-4 dB 0.8

N o rm a liz e d t h ro u g h p u t
gain
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Double throughput 0.2

at cell edge 0.1 2 RX

4 RX
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
SNR [dB]
Quad Antenna Uplink Performance Package – NEW
Field measurement
Uplink speed, LTE 10 MHz [kbps]

• Drive test results

• Measurements done on AIR 21
• 3-5dB gain

>3 dB
5 dB

1 Mbps

RSRP [dBm]
WCDMA IRAT Handover, coverage triggered – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 0897
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• In case of bad LTE coverage the UE is ordered to
handover to best WCDMA cell
• Best cell is selected based on an evaluation
of WCDMA neighbor cell measurements LTE
• The handover is fast enough to support real time
applications like voice

• Operator benefit WCDMA

• Seamless MBB experience
• Lower interruption time
• User experience is preserved

Improved end user experience

WCDMA IRAT Handover, coverage triggered – NEW
technical overview

• When a Bad Coverage Measurement Report (A2)

arrives execute:
• Blind Handover, or
• Start B2 Measurements, or
A2  Search activity
• Blind Release with Redirect

Search for other

• When a WCDMA Measurement Report (B2) Freqs/RATs. If found, do
HO or RwR.
arrives execute: Based on A5 + B2

• Handover, or
• Release with Redirect

A2= Serving becomes worse than threshold

B2= Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and
inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold2
WCDMA IRAT Handover, coverage triggered – NEW
Field measurement

• Data outage times *

• IRAT handover: ~0.3s
• Session Continuity with SI: ~4-5s
• Session Continuity without SI: ~ 5-7s

SI = System Information
RwR = Release with Redirect

*) Lab measurements
Figures are device dependent
Service Triggered Mobility – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1747
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Inter-frequency or IRAT mobility is triggered
differently based on service
• Certain services may be given higher
protection against bad coverage, example LTE
prioritize voice
• The feature support different bad coverage
thresholds per QCI

• Operator benefit
• Possibility to control mobility based on service CDMA GSM WCDMA
and to improve e.g. VoIP KPIs

Improved service KPIs

Subscriber Triggered Mobility – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1788
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Provides support for “Subscriber Profile ID (SPID) for RAT/Frequency
Priority” which can be used for:
• Dedicated frequency at release
• Target redirect or handover frequency at release
• Target frequency at CS fallback LTE
• Target frequency at emergency CS fallback

• Mobility controlled by user subscriber category

• Operator benefit
• Makes it possible to create and sell differentiated subscription types,
e.g.
• M2M, Roaming, NSPS CDMA GSM WCDMA
• Low data-rate subscriptions can e.g. be directed to move to other
RANs that offers lower data-rates

Enables differentiated subscriber categories

Subscriber Triggered Mobility – NEW
Technical overview

HSS
› HSS
• Subscribers are assigned a SPID value [1..256]
S6a
› MME
• Sends SPID to eNB at context setup and context modification
or MME
• Removes or adds a specific SPID value for incoming roamers (based
on IMSI series analysis)

S1
› eNB
• Maps SPID to a specific set of RAT/IRAT priorities
• Use SPID lists to choose UEs for which to override priority
information broadcasted in system information for a configurable
period of time
• Sends the SPID value from source to target at handover

X2 eNB
eNB
 Delay-based scheduling and grant estimation - NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1789
Radio Network Functionality
• Description
• Enables the eNB to ensure that the delay
budget associated with real-time services
(e.g. voice or video) is fulfilled
• Allowing for more efficient use of radio
resources through the use of VoIP packet
bundling

• Operator benefit
• Provides enhanced cell capacity in mixed
voice/data traffic environment
Enhanced capacity in mixed traffic scenarios
Delay-Based Scheduling and Grant Estimation – NEW
technical overview

w w

• The scheduling priority weight is calculated as a function +

of the age of the data
• Very suitable for VoIP services since the quality depends delay channel quality

on the delay
Weight
• Advantages:
• ‘Young’ VoIP packets can be delayed without quality
impact and by this several packets can be scheduled at
once (bundling of VoIP packets) providing spare capacity
for other traffic
Priority when
close to delay
requirement
• Channel quality is taken into account by the delay based
scheduler to avoid that VoIP users that require extensive
segmentation and retransmissions starve the system
delay

Delay
threshold
Delay-Based Scheduling and Grant Estimation – NEW
technical overview

• Reference case • Grant Estimation

• The scheduling request triggers a small grant that only • Establish a guess for when the first packet arrived
allows a BSR and a small amount of data. • Use knowledge about the service behavior to guess
• While waiting for a grant, another packet arrives. arrival times and packet sizes
• Two grants needed to transmit one VoIP packet. A • Enables concatenation (2 packets/one grant)
packet that could have been transmitted with the
second grant has to wait for another grant.

eNB UE
eNB UE
Buffered packets
NEW Buffered packets
SR NEW
SR
Response time Grant 40 bits
depends on load TX + BSR 280
NEW
Grant 280 bits NEW
TX + BSR 320 Grant 640 bits
TX EMPTY
Minimum Rate Proportional Fair Scheduling – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 0920
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Proportional Fair scheduling takes both scheduled data
rate and channel quality into account
• The trade off between user fairness and system
performance is controlled by 5 scheduling profiles
• In order to provide a consistent cell edge throughput, a
minimum bit rate is introduced
• Configured per Quality of Service class

• Operator benefit
• Improves cell capacity and provides flexibility to
prioritize cell edge performance and cell capacity

Improved end user experience

Minimum Rate Proportional Fair Scheduling – NEW
technical overview

• Proportional fair
• Opportunistic scheduling enables increased capacity and increased cell edge throughput in higher load scenarios
• Trade-off between capacity and fairness controlled per QCI using 5 profiles
• Example below: Simulation results for Downlink 10 MHz bandwidth, 10 UEs per cell
• “Resource Fair” = all users get an equal share of the available resources
5 th p e r c e n tile u s e r th r o u g h p u t [b p s ]

5 Proportional Fair Resource Fair 7 Proportional Fair Resource Fair

x 10 x 10
8 2.6

C e ll th r o u g h p u t [b p s ]
7 2.4

6 2.2

5 2

4 1.8

3 1.6

2 1.4

1 1.2

0 1
Equal rate PF high PF medium PF low Max C/I Equal rate PF high PF medium PF low Max C/I

Higher fairness Higher capacity Higher fairness Higher capacity

5th percentile throughput Average Cell Throughput

Minimum Rate Proportional Fair Scheduling – NEW
technical overview

• Minimum rate: • Simulation setup

• Allows operator to configure different minimum • Premium users: min bit rate 200 kbps
bit rates for different bearer types (QCI) i.e. for • Default users: no configured min bit rate
service differentiation
• Consistent cell edge throughput

Example simulation results for Downlink 5 MHz bandwidth, 15 UEs per cell
REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – New
L12A: FAJ 121 0876
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• System information about target cell in redirect
message
• No need for UE to read system information
• Shortens the time to switch to legacy systems
• L12A: Support for GSM

• Operator benefit
• Improved end user experience for CS Fallback and
session continuity

Shorter voice CS call setup times

REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – New
Technical overview

1. RIM – Request With System Information (SI):

2. GSM NACC › 1: Source eNB asks BSC for SI at target cell
› 2: BSC sends SI for target cell to source
(1 and 2 are done as a background activity)
› UE moves out of coverage or receives CS voice
3. Release with Redirect call
(including SI)
› 3: UE ordered to do Release with redirect
• Release with redirect message includes SI

4. Attach › 4: UE attaches to target node

› Session or CS call continues in target node

Saves approximately 2s
Fully backwards compatible
REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – New
Technical overview

1. RIM – Request With System Information (SI):

2. GSM NACC • UE attached to source eNodeB
• 1: Source node asks target node for SI
• 2: Target sends SI to source
3. Release with Redirect • UE moves out of coverage or receives CS voice
(including SI) call
• 3: UE ordered to do Release with redirect
• RR message includes SI
4. Attach • 4: UE attaches to target node
• Session or CS call continues in target node

Saves approximately 2s
Fully backwards compatible
Uplink Frequency-Selective Scheduling – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1799
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Uses measurements of the channel conditions to
determine which part of the radio channel that
should be used for a connection
• Controlled by instantaneous radio conditions
• Suitable when there are many simultaneous
users and in carriers of 10 MHz or more

• Operator benefit
• Improved cell-edge bit rate

Improved end user experience

Uplink Frequency-Selective Scheduling – NEW
technical overview

10 MHz 20 MHz
Performance:
FSS ON FSS ON
• Most gain in bandwidths of 10 MHz
FSS OFF FSS OFF
or more
• SRS overhead becomes smaller in larger
bandwidths
• The frequency selectivity of the channel
is better
• Measured coverage improvement at
cell edge (500 kbps):
• 2.5 - 3 dB
2.5 dB
3 dB
TCP optimization – NEW
L12A: FAJ 121 1713
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• TCP optimization by delay-based Active Queue
Management (AQM) improves user throughput
and reduces delay
• Drop TCP/IP packets in a "TCP friendly" manner
• Minimizing risk of TCP slow start

• Operator benefit
• Reduces end-to-end delay while maintaining high
and stable throughput
• Improves the end-user performance

Maintain high user throughput with good responsiveness

TCP optimization – NEW
technical overview

• The TCP Optimization feature uses an Active Queue

Management (AQM) algorithm which discards packets before
the transmit buffer is full, and thus provides rapid feedback
to the traffic sender for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
traffic

• AQM uses the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm:

• For non-Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) data traffic, the algorithm
discard packets once they reach a threshold of age in the buffer,
at the same time maintaining a minimum of packets in the
buffer, ensuring an optimal use and providing a faster queue in
the buffer

• For GBR traffic, the timer threshold is given by Packet Delay

Budget (PDB) value that is received set by the MME
TCP optimization – NEW
Feature Benefit

• Field measurement result

• UE profile: QCI 9
• Bandwidth used 10MHz
• Good, Medium and Bad RF conditions
• Multiple FTP sessions and downloading a large file.

• AQM mode 0:
• No AQM is used. Packets are discarded if the maximum number
of packets for each radio bearer has been reached.

• AQM mode 2:
• Recommended for GBR services
Relative Priority Scheduling – NEW
L12B: FAJ 121 2037
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Extension of proportional fair scheduling with
possibility to set relative priority per QCI
• Relative priority controls the relative bitrates between
bearers
• Provides the capability to control how the available
throughput in a cell is shared between users or services
with different QoS classes

• Operator benefit
• Enhanced tool to differentiate between services and
subscribers
• A tool to provide further differentiation in tiered
offering (add service QoS)

Increased revenue in existing spectrum

Relative Priority Scheduling – NEW
technical overview

QCI Priority Min Strategy Relative Description QCI Priority Min Rate Strategy Relative Description
Rate Priority Priority

1 1 0 PF 3 Premium BE bearer 1 1 200 kbps PF 3 Premium BE bearer

2 1 0 PF 1 Default BE bearer 2 1 0 PF 1 Default BE bearer

Ratio is 3 to 1 above
min-rate
Relative Priority Scheduling – NEW
technical overview

QCI Priority Min Rate Strategy Relative Description QCI Priority Min Rate Strategy Relative Description
Priority Priority

1 1 100 kbps PF 1 Premium BE bearer 1 1 100 kbps PF 1 Premium BE bearer

2 1 0 PF 1 Default BE bearer 2 1 0 PF 3 Default BE bearer

 SRVCC handover to utran – New
L12b: FAJ 121 2027 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• A VoLTE call can be handed over to WCDMA in
case of moving out of LTE coverage VoIP

LTE Packet
Core

• Operator benefit IMS

• Leverage WCDMA coverage for VoLTE services WCDMA
MSC
• Enables launch of VoLTE without the need for CS Voice

ubiquitous LTE coverage

Enables early launch of VoLTE service

SRVCC handover to utran – New
Technical overview

• When the user moves out of LTE coverage while a VoIP call is established, the eNB will trigger SR-VCC
procedures towards WCDMA
• The eNB determines that a voice call is established based on the presence of a QCI1 bearer
• If there is no QCI 1 bearer established, then normal connected mode mobility procedures are used (e.g.
session continuity)

VoIP

LTE Packet
Core

Session Handover
IMS
3G (CS+PS)
MSC
CS Voice
Inter-Frequency Load Balancing – NEW
L12b: FAJ 121 3009
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Load is balanced between overlapping cells
• Enables load distribution between co-located and
non-co-located cells and is supported in both intra
and inter eNodeB configurations

• Operator benefit
• Creates better fairness between users allocated to
different LTE frequencies
• Improved end user performance at high load and
possibility to add more users

Improves utilization of existing spectrum

 Inter-Frequency Load Balancing – NEW
Technical overview
• Load relations are configured
• A sequence of action is performed to balance load – see picture below
• Select candidates
• UEs candidates are randomly picked, measure on other frequency determine which UEs to do action on.
• Number of random picked UEs are higher than wanted to perform action
• Load balancing action
• Handover to the other carrier
• The sequence is repeated every 15 s

Establish Load Exchange Select Load bal. New load

load relations status load info. candidates action status

Ha
nd
ov
er
Inter-Frequency Load Balancing – NEW
Technical overview

F1 Assumption in example:
- F2 is more loaded than F1
F2
- F1 is in a higher frequency band

RSRP

A4

A number of UEs Event A4 is A portion of the UEs with

are selected as configured in selected A4 configured will trigger.
candidates for load UEs. Up to imbalance level will
balancing. The be moved to F1 by normal
number of UEs are handover.
related to imbalance
plus a margin

A4= Neighbor becomes better than threshold

Inter-Frequency Load Balancing – NEW
Field measurement

A c t iv a t io n
CONNECTED USERS
200
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
150

100

• Field measurements 50

• Two carriers on 5 MHz each

0
DL USER THROUGHPUT

• Load information exchanged over X2 6

0
Day1 Day2 Day3

A c t iv a t io n
CONNECTED USERS
200
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
150

100

50

0
DL USER THROUGHPUT
9

0
Day1 Day2 Day3
Service specific DRX – NEW
L12B: FAJ 121 3011
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• UE sleep pattern (DRX - Discontinuous Reception)
can be individually adjusted based on the
services that are currently in use
• Enables e.g. a mobile broadband connected
mode DRX configuration to be used by default,
and to switch to a VoLTE-specific DRX pattern
when a VoLTE call is established
Zzzzzz…
• Operator benefit
• Better battery life enables more and longer usage
• UE battery life can be optimized without
sacrificing system performance

Increased revenue by improved UE battery life

 Service specific DRX – NEW
technical overview
Packet Use
Resource Packet Scheduling Relative Min Rate
QCI Priority Delay Absolute drxProfileId drxPriority
Type Loss Rate strategy priority [kbps]
Budget Priority
1 2 100 ms 10-2 False Delay 1 0

2 4 150 ms 10 False Delay 1 0

• Each QCI associates one DRX profile
-3

GBR
3 5 300 ms 10-6 False Delay 1 0

4 3 50 ms 10-3 False Delay 1 0

based on its services characteristics
5 1 100 ms 10-6 True Delay 1 0

6 7 100 ms 10 -3
False PF 1 250 • Each QCI has drxPriority, a higher
7 Non-GBR 6 False PF 2 500 1…18 0..100 value indicates a higher priority for the
8 8 300 ms 10-6 False PF 1 250 associated DRX profile if multiple QoS
9 9 False PF 0.5 100
are serving a UE
10 Non-GBR 10 300 ms 10-5 False PF 0.1 25

N
REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – ENHANCED
L12b: FAJ 121 0876
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• System information about target cell in redirect
message
• No need for UE to read system information
• Shortens the time to switch to legacy systems
• Enhanced in L12B to support WCDMA

• Operator benefit
• Improved end user experience for CS Fallback and
session continuity

Shorter voice CS call setup times

REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – ENHANCED
Technical overview

Without System Information (SI):

2. System Information
• UE attached to source eNodeB
• UE moves out of coverage or receives CS voice
call
• 1: UE ordered to do Release with Redirect
1. Release with Redirect
• 2: UE reads SI in target Node
• 3: UE attaches to target node
• Session or CS call continues in target node
3. Attach
REDIRECT with SYSTEM INFORMATION – ENHANCED
Technical overview

1. RIM – Request With System Information (SI):

2. UTRA SI / GSM NACC • UE attached to source eNodeB
• 1: Source node asks target node for SI
• 2: Target sends SI to source
3. Release with Redirect • UE moves out of coverage or receives CS voice
(including SI) call
• 3: UE ordered to do Release with redirect
• RR message includes SI
4. Attach • 4: UE attaches to target node
• Session or CS call continues in target node

Saves approximately 0.3s (UTRAN) / 2s (GERAN)

Fully backwards compatible
Packet Forwarding at S1 Handover - new
L13A: FAJ 121 1800
Radio Network Functionality
• Description
• Data is forwarded to target eNB at S1 handover
• From source cell to target cell
• Over S1 interface
• Direct forwarding is supported
• Includes both RLC UM and RLC AM

• Operator benefit
• Higher throughput during and after handover
• Improved end user experience and service KPIs, e.g.
VoLTE

Reduced data interruption time and improved service KPIs

 Packet Forwarding at S1 Handover - new
Technical overview
• Support for direct and indirect packet
forwarding during Intra-LTE S1 handover

• Direct Packet Forwarding

• Data is transferred over the X2 user plane between
the source and the target RBS. The source RBS
indicates that a direct path is available in the S1-AP
handover control signaling to the MME

• Indirect Packet Forwarding

• Data is transferred over the S1 user plane through
the source/target SGW between the source and the
target RBS
TTI Bundling -new
L13A: FAJ 121 2051
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• In areas of bad coverage the UE can be configured to transmit
in 4 consecutive TTIs and by this concentrate its power over a
smaller number of sub-carriers
• Reduced PDCCH control channel usage in cases where normal
transmission would have required RLC segmentation
• Dynamic switching to/from TTI Bundling based on channel
quality

• Operator benefit
• Improved coverage for VoLTE
• Capture more indoor traffic

Improved coverage for VoLTE services

TTI Bundling -new
Technical overview

• In TTI Bundling, the UE transmits in 4 consecutive TTIs – allows higher energy per bit
• Same information bits – different redundancy version (RV)
• Compare to normal operation where one uplink grant corresponds to transmission in only one TTI

(3) eNodeB receives and (4) eNodeB sends ACK

(1) eNodeB sends grant performs decoding based or NACK based on
for uplink transmission on all 4 transmissions whole bundle

RV 3
RV 0

RV 1

RV 2
TTI = 1 ms time
(2) UE transmits same
data in 4 TTIs with
different redundancy
version
TTI Bundling -new
Technical overview

• Dynamic switching to/from TTI Bundling based on channel quality

• TTI Bundling is only beneficial for UEs with poor channel quality with regard to PDSCH and SE resources

Channel
Quality

Decision to
switch UE to
TTI Bundling

Time
High speed ue - new
L13A: FAJ 121 2054
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Enables the eNodeB receiver to detect and
compensates excessive Doppler shifts that arise
as a result of a UE moving rapidly
• Supporting speeds up to 350 km/h for
frequencies up to 2.6 GHz

• Operator benefit
• Supports UE (User Equipment) moving at speeds
of up to 350 km/h, for example UEs on high
speed trains

Support of fast moving UEs up to 350 km/h

High speed ue - new
Technical overview

• Random access preambles are generated from • Matched filter output:

common root sequence using cyclic shifts
Impact of high
frequency offset
• High frequency offset impact on PRACH:
• Decrease main peak in matched filter output for random access
preamble Main peak Additional peak
• May cause missed detection
• Cause additional peak(s) in matched filter output
• May cause false detection
High speed ue - new
Technical overview

Matched filter output:

• A restricted set of cyclic shifts makes it possible Unrestricted set
to:
• Estimate frequency offset on PRACH Main peak
cyclic shift y
• Allows for extended detection intervals Main peak
cyclic shift x
including additional peaks in matched filter
output
Detection Detection
• Reduction in main peak of matched filter interval x interval y

output does not cause missed detection

• Additional peaks in matched filter output of Restricted set

receiver do not cause false detection

Additional peak
cyclic shift x

Extended
detection Cyclic shift y removed in
interval x restricted set
Downlink Frequency-Selective Scheduling - new
L13A: FAJ 121 2053
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Downlink Frequency Selective Scheduling uses
measurements of the channel conditions to
determine which part of the radio resource that
should be used for a connection
• Controlled by instantaneous radio conditions
• Suitable when many simultaneous users

• Operator Benefit
• Improved cell-edge bit rate and cell capacity

Improved cell-edge bit rate and cell capacity

Downlink Frequency-Selective Scheduling - new
Technical overview
Radio Network Functionality

• RB is allocated to a Resource Block Group (RBG) => frequency diversity is

used to maximize capacity
• Based on frequency selective measurements received from the UEs

• Field measurement
• FDD at 10 MHz
• Multiple UE distributed in cell
• Load generated in neighboring cells
 Delay-based scheduling and grant estimation - Enhanced
L13A: FAJ 121 1789 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Enables the eNB to ensure that the delay bounds
associated with real-time services (e.g. voice or video)
are satisfied, while allowing for more efficient use of
radio resources through the use of bundling
• Enhanced in L13A to reduce UE battery consumption

• Operator benefit
• Provides enhanced voice/data mixed traffic capacity

Enhanced voice/data mixed traffic capacity

 Delay-based scheduling and grant estimation - Enhanced
Technical overview

• Delay-Based Scheduling and Grant Estimation is

enhanced in the uplink Before
• Scheduling Requests (SR) are suppressed in the UL during talk
spurts eNB

grant

grant
• eNB spontaneously schedules UL grants during DRX on-duration

SR
SR

SR

SR
periods UE
• Allows UE to sleep between DRX periods (default 40ms) UL VoIP Packets
• Previously UE would not sleep between packets due to (every 20ms)
waiting for grant from SR
• During silence periods, eNB reverts to normal UL scheduling After
• L13A: Reduced battery consumption of the UE by eNB

grant

grant
activating Semi Persistent Scheduling UL mechanisms to
prevent the UE from sending SR for VoIP UE

• Requires Rel-9 terminal support UL VoIP Packets

(every 20ms)

= DRX on-duration
Carrier Aggregation - new
L13B: FAJ 121 3046
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Carrier aggregation provides the ability to transmit data to a
single UE on two bands simultaneously
• Up to a total bandwidth of 20 MHz in L13B
+
• Operator benefit
• Carrier Aggregation enables an operator to offer significantly
increased downlink speed across the coverage area
• More efficient use of scattered spectrum
• Beat competition on end user experience

Significantly increased downlink speed across coverage area

Higher capacity
Carrier Aggregation - new
Technical overview
Multiple data flows (to same user)

• Modification in the protocol structure for carrier

RLC RLC RLC
aggregation is small compared to the Rel-8 protocol
structure
MAC multiplexing
• Carrier aggregation not visible at RLC level MAC
• MAC layer allocates data onto cells HARQ HARQ HARQ
• PHY layer follows essentially the Rel-8 structure per cell
PHY
Coding Coding Coding

DFT DFT DFT

Uplink only

OFDM OFDM OFDM

LTE LTE LTE

LTE Rel-10
Carrier Aggregation - new
Technical overview

• Carrier Aggregation in L13B supports the following

• Carrier aggregation for FDD
• Up to two DL component carriers
• Single uplink component carrier
• Same Transmission Mode (TM) on both carriers
• Inter-band carrier aggregation for 3GPP compliant band and bandwidth combinations:
• 5+5 MHz
• 5+10 MHz and 10+5 MHz
• 10+10 MHz

Inter-band aggregation
Frequency band A Frequency band B

Intra-band aggregation,
contiguous component carriers
Frequency band A Frequency band B

Intra-band aggregation,
non-contiguous component carriers
Frequency band A Frequency band B
Carrier Aggregation - new
Technical overview

• Support of different 3GPP Rel-10 deployment scenarios for CA in

L13B
F1 F2

Scenario #1 Scenario #2 Scenario #3

- Supported - Supported, not optimized - Supported, not optimized

Scenario #4 Scenario #5
- Supported w. 1 UL, not optimized - Supported w. 1 UL, not optimized
Carrier Aggregation - new
Field Measurement

• Drive test result:

• DL throughput performance of CA
terminal is approximately double
compared to non-CA terminal
 Combined Cell - New
L13B: FAJ 121 3025 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• The Combined Cell feature allows up to six RRU’s
to be operated as a single cell
• E.g. outdoor cells extended to indoor
coverage without need for new cell
• Enable seamless mobility between sectors
belonging to the same cell

• Operator benefit
• Improved coverage
• Improved cell edge bit rate

Improved coverage and end-user experience

 Combined Cell - New
Technical overview

• Combination of up to six RRU into one cell

• Rel-8 UE supported (No area splitting gain for PDSCH/PDCCH)
• PDSCH from all RRUs
• SFN gains for PDSCH/PDCCH

• DL CoMP
• Selective muting of non-contributing RRU
• UL CoMP
• Combining of two strongest RRUs

Sync, Sysinfo, etc

Sync, Sysinfo, etc

sinfo, etc Same info as m
Sync, Sy acro
in fo as macro
Same

PDCCH + CRS

PDSCH + CRS
 Combined Cell - New
Field Measurement

• FOA field test results, stationary at -105 dBm RSRP

• Measured PDCP throughput

• DL SINR has improved and consequently DL Throughput has increased.

• UL PDCP Throughput after the CC slightly higher. This is caused by UL diversity gain.

• Field test results:

• DL Throughput increased by ~60%
• UL Throughput increased by ~40%
 CS FAllback 1X (Release w/ Redirect) - new
L13B: FAJ 121 3036 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• CS Fallback to 1x provides support for single radio
LTE-CDMA devices that require network-based CS
Fallback capabilities
• The feature supports the 3GPP Rel. 8 feature CS LTE EPC
fallback for CDMA
CS

• Operator benefit
• Enables Single radio terminals CSFB
• Single radio terminals are cheaper to produce
and has lower battery consumption 1x RTT CS 1x RTT
Access MSC

Enables single radio CS voice fallback for CDMA operators

Reduced cost of devices, better battery life
 CS FAllback 1X (Release w/ Redirect) - new
Technical overview

• Implements the basic foundation for Rel. 8 CS fallback

functionality 1xCS
CSFB 1xRTT CS A1 1xRTT
UE Access MSC
A1
• Contents
1xCS IWS
• 1x RTT CS Registration over EPS
• 1x CSFB for Voice (blind Release with Redirection (RwR) to S102
MME
1x CDMA)
• MO/MT calls from Idle or Active Mode UE S1-MME S11

• MO/MT SMS over S102 (without fallback) 1xCS

CSFB
E-UTRAN
Serving/PDN
GW
SGi

• E911 UE S1-U

• MME Relocation – IWS/MSC tunnel relocation

• 1x 3G parameters and SIB8 Configuration Management Tunnelled 1xRTT messages

• CSFB Performance Measurements/KPI and alarms

 Enhanced CS Fallback to CDMA 1X - New
L13B: FAJ 121 3056 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Enhanced CS Fallback to 1x provides additional
performance improvement by allocating traffic
channels on the target system prior to initiating a
handover
• The feature supports the 3GPP Release 9 feature LTE EPC
CS fallback for CDMA
CS

• Operator benefit
• Improves performance of 1xCSFB by establishing CSFB
traffic channels prior to handover
1x RTT CS 1x RTT
Access MSC

Improved call setup times

 Enhanced CS Fallback to CDMA 1X - New
Technical overview

• Implements the basic foundation for Rel. 9 CS

fallback functionality, using Universal Handoff
Redirection Message (UHDM) from the target system 1xCS
CSFB 1xRTT CS A1 1xRTT
UE Access MSC
A1

• Contents 1xCS IWS

• 1x CSFB measurement support S102

• 1x CSFB for Voice (Mobility from EUTRA with UHDM to MME

S1-MME S11
1x CDMA)
SGi
• MO/MT calls from Idle or Active Mode UE 1xCS
CSFB
E-UTRAN
Serving/PDN
GW
UE S1-U

Tunnelled 1xRTT messages

 Enhanced PDCCH Link Adaptation - New
L13B: FAJ 121 3051 Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Improves both capacity and efficiency of control
channels
• More users can be scheduled in high load
scenarios
• More resources available for data channels

• Operator benefit
• Increased system capacity
• Higher spectrum efficiency

Increased capacity
Better end user experience in high load scenarios
Enhanced PDCCH Link Adaptation - New
Technical overview

• New PDCCH outer loop in L13B:

• In L13B, separate PDCCH outer loop will be implemented. It is based on PDCCH
reception success/failure (eNB’s perception).
• Specifically, eNB considers a UL grant is received successfully if the corresponding PUSCH
transmission is detected. It is lost otherwise.
• Similarly, eNB considers a DL assignment is received successfully if a valid HARQ-ACK signal
(either ACK or NACK) is detected. If eNB can’t detect a HARQ-ACK signal, it considers the DL
assignment is lost.
• PDCCH SINR is adjusted based on PDCCH reception success/failure

• Other Improvements
• Take rank into account when mapping wideband CQI to PDCCH SINR
 Enhanced PDCCH Link Adaptation - New
Technical overview

• New PDCCH outer loop in L13B:

• In L13B, separate PDCCH outer loop is implemented. It is based on PDCCH reception success/failure (eNB’s perception)
• The eNB considers a UL grant is received successfully if the corresponding PUSCH transmission is detected. It is lost otherwise.
• Similarly, eNB considers a DL assignment is received successfully if a valid HARQ-ACK signal (either ACK or NACK) is detected. If eNB can’t detect
a HARQ-ACK signal, it considers the DL assignment is lost
• PDCCH SINR is adjusted based on PDCCH reception success/failure

• Other Improvements
• Take rank into account when mapping wideband CQI to PDCCH SINR
 Enhanced PDCCH Link Adaptation - New
Field Measurement

• FOA field test results

• Measurement for the 6 most improved
cells
• Higher aggregation level 1 (1 CCE)
utilization
• Improved CCE utilization resulting in less
resources required for control channel
which leads to more resources available
for user data ON
• Average DL throughput is improved by
7%
14.35 15.33
Inter-RAT offload TO WCDMA - New
L13B: FAJ 121 3048
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• The load in the LTE cell is monitored and in case
of load above a threshold UEs can be moved to
WCDMA to offload the LTE cell

• Operator benefit LTE

• Capacity in WCDMA can be used to manage high
load situations in LTE
• User experience is preserved during high load

WCDMA

Improved end user experience and improved utilization of MBB capacity

 Inter-RAT offload TO WCDMA - New
Technical overview
• Load relations are configured
• Load status/Exchange load information
• Prepare handover
• If preparation is accepted; Offload action.
• If preparation is not accepted; Stop further attempts for x minutes (x is configurable)

• Offload action
• Handover to WCDMA
• WCDMA turns off redirect to LTE when an offload UE is received
• Intensity, number of UEs per time, is dependent on LTE load

• The sequence is repeated as long as load is above threshold

Establish Load Select Handover Load bal. New load

load relations status candidates preparation action status
(load exchange)

LTE

Ha
nd
ov
er
Ha
nd
ov
WCDMA er
Accept HO if
capacity exist
Intra-LTE inter-mode handover - New
L13B: FAJ 121 3042
Radio Network Functionality

• Description
• Enables handover between FDD and TDD mode
• UE-capability is checked before HO
• Automatic configuration with ANR

• Operator benefit
• Reduced HO interruption time
• Better support for real time services
• Lower OPEX through SON

Tighter integration of FDD and TDD

Better end user experience
 Intra-LTE inter-mode handover - New
Technical overview

• Supports handover between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD

• Checks if UE capability (FGI=30 is set) indicates support

• Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) support is added for inter mode

relations