Chapter 02 – Fundamental Input

Output and Basic C Operators

Bit and Byte
 Each piece of information stored within
computer's memory is encoded as some
unique combination of zero and ones
 These 0/1 are called bits
 1 byte = 8 bits

Department of Engineering 2
Basic Data Types
 There are 4 basic data types :
 int
 float
 double
 char
 int
 Used to declare numeric program variables of integer type
 Size in bits : 32
 Range of values : -2147483648 to 2147483647
 Whole numbers, positive and negative
 Keyword: int
int number;
number = 12;

Department of Engineering 3
Basic Data Types (Cont.)
 float
 Fractional parts, positive and negative
 Size in bits : 32
 Range of values : 1.17e-38 to 3.4e+38 (accuracy up to 7 digits)
 Keyword: float
float height;
height = 1.72;
 double
 Used to declare floating point variable of higher precision or
higher range of numbers
 Size in bits : 64
 Range of values : 2.2e-308 to 1.79e+308 (accuracy up to 15
digits)
 Exponential numbers, positive and negative
 Keyword: double
double valuebig;
valuebig = 12E-3;
Ref:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hd7199ke.aspx
Department of Engineering 4
Basic Data Types (Cont.)
 char
 Equivalent to 'letters' in English language
 Size in bits : 8
 Range of values : -128 to +127
 Example of characters:
 Numeric digits: 0 - 9
 Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z
 Space (blank)
 Special characters: , . ; ? “ / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc
 Single character
 Keyword: char
char my_letter;
The declared character must be
my_letter = 'U'; enclosed within a single quote!

Department of Engineering 5
Modifiers
 Modifiers define the amount of storage allocated to the variable
 Data type char, int, float, double have modifiers: short, long,
signed & unsigned
 ANSI has the following rules:
short int <= int <= long int
float <= double <= long double
 i.e. short int assigns less than or equal to amount of storage as an
int, and int assigns less than or equal to long int

Department of Engineering 6
Input/Output Operations
 Input operation
 An instruction that copies data from an input
device into memory
 Output operation
 An instruction that displays information stored
in memory to the output devices (such as the
monitor screen)

Department of Engineering 7
Input/Output Functions
 A C function that performs an input or
output operation
 Common input/output functions are
provided as part of C’s standard
input/output library. To access it:
#include <stdio.h>

Department of Engineering 8
The printf Function
printf("The area is %d.\n", area);
 The printf function is called in order to display
program output
 Inside the parenthesis are the functions
arguments
 The arguments of printf include a format string
(given in quotes) followed by a print list
 If the variable area has a value 24, above
function call displays the line:
The area is 24.

Department of Engineering 9
 The printf Function (Cont.)

printf ("That equals %f kilometers.\n", kms) ;

Function name
Placeholder Print list

Format string

Function arguments
Department of Engineering 10
The printf Function (Cont.)
 Placeholder
 a symbol beginning with %
 indicate where to display the output value
 Newline escape sequence
 the character sequence \n
 used in a format string to terminate an output
line

Department of Engineering 11
Format Specifier (Placeholder) in
Format String
 It tells the printf( ) function the format of the
output to be printed onto the screen
 Different conversion characters are used in
placeholders for different variable types

Format Specifier Output Type

%d For integers
%c For characters
%f, %lf For floating-point values in conventional
notation
%s For sequence of characters (string)

Department of Engineering 12
Escape Sequence
 \n new line
 \t tab
 \r carriage return
 \a alert
 \\ backslash
 \" double quote

Department of Engineering 13
 Syntax Display for Function Call
 Syntax:
printf(format string, print list);
printf(format string);
 Format String is a combination of characters,
format specifier and escape sequence
 Print List is any constants, variables, expressions,
and functions calls separated by commas
 Examples:
 printf("I am %d years old, and my gpa is %f\n", age,
gpa);
 printf("Enter the object mass in grams> ");
Department of Engineering 14
Examples
 This code:

 produces this output:

Department of Engineering 15
Examples on Formatted printf
Statements

int a = 5; int b = 10; 123456789012345

printf("%d\n", a); 5
printf("%5d\n", a); 5
printf("%5d\n", b); 10
printf("%d %d\n", a, b); 5 10
printf("a = %d b = %3d\n", a, b); a = 5 b = 10

float x = 33.3456789; 123456789012345

printf("%f\n", x); 33.345679
printf("%8.3f\n", x); 33.346

printf(“|%s|", "hello, world"); |hello, world|

Department of Engineering 16
The Input Function scanf( )
 Read data from the standard input device (usually keyboard)
and store it in a variable
 The general format is pretty much the same as printf( )
function.
 Syntax
scanf(Format String, Input List);
 The format string has a similar structure to the format string in
printf( )
 Input List – one or more variables addresses, each
corresponding to a format specifier in the Format String
 One format specifier for each variable in Input List
 The two or more variables in Input List must be separated
by commas
 The placeholders in the format string must correspond to the
order of the variables in the input list
 Each element of Input List must be an address of a memory
location (using prefix &Department
address operator)
of Engineering 17
scanf( ) Function
 When scanf executed, the program pauses until
requested data is entered and the <return> or
<enter> key pressed
 If too much data provided, the extra characters
will be saved for the next call to scanf
 If not enough data provided, program will
continue to pause until more data entered and
<return> or <enter> key again pressed
 If wrong type of data (characters when numeric
required)  error occurs

Department of Engineering 18
Examples of Input
 Many of the same formatting characters
are available for user input
scanf("%c", &nextChar);
 Reads a single character and stores it in
nextChar

scanf("%f", &radius);
 Reads a floating point number and stores it in
radius

Department of Engineering 19
Examples of Input (Cont.)
scanf("%d %d", &length, &width);
 Reads two decimal integers (separated by
whitespace), stores the first one in length and
the second in width
 Must use ampersand (&)for variables being
modified

Department of Engineering 20
Scanf( ) Function
Recognizing Data
 char a;
 int n, m;
 double x, y;
 input line n 25
25 62.91 36B x 62.91
m 36
 scanf("%d%lf%d%c",&n,&x,&m,&a); a 'B'

x 25.0
 scanf("%lf%d%c%d%lf", n 62
&x,&n,&a,&m,&y); a '.'
m 91
Note: The character B is left for the next y 36.0
scanf request
Department of Engineering 21
Most Common scanf Mistake
int x, y;
printf("Input (x, y) values:");
scanf("%d %d", x, y);
Must be &x, &y
 Literals in format string must match literals in the
input stream
scanf("%s %d/%d/%d %lf",
name, &month, &day, &year, &gpa);

Must input as David 7/24/2012 3.83

Variables of type int, float or char need &
Do NOT use & with strings!
Department of Engineering 22
Constants
 Entities that appear in the program code
as fixed values
 Example:
const double INTEREST_RATE = 0.015;
 4 types of constants:
 Integer constants
 Floating-point constants
 Character constants
 Enumeration (we won’t cover this topic in our
module)

Department of Engineering 23
Constants (Cont.)
 Integer constants
 Positive or negative whole numbers with no fractional
part
 Example:
const int MAX_NUM = 10;
const int MIN_NUM = -90;
 Floating-point constants
 Positive or negative decimal numbers with an integer
part, a decimal point and a fractional part
 Example:
const double VAL = 0.5877e2;
(stands for 0.5877  102)
Department of Engineering 24
Constants (Cont.)
 Character constants
 A character enclosed in a single quotation mark
 Example:
const char LETTER = 'n';
const char NUMBER = '1';
 But, to print single quotation mark ' require backslash
(known as escape sequence) since ''' is illegal
 printf("%c", '\'');
 Prints a single quotation mark on screen
 printf("%c", 'n');
 Prints the letter n on the screen
 printf("%c", '\n');
 Move cursor to the beginning of a new line
Department of Engineering 25
Constant Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
const double KMS_PER_MILES = 1.609;
double miles, kms;

printf("Enter the distance in miles:");

scanf("%lf", &miles);

kms = KMS_PER_MILES * miles;

printf("\nThat equals %f kilometer.\n", kms);
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 26
Constant Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
#define KMS_PER_MILES 1.609
int main(){
double miles, kms;

printf("Enter the distance in miles:");

scanf("%lf",&miles);

kms = KMS_PER_MILES * miles;

printf("\nThat equals %f kilometer.\n", kms);
return 0;
}

Department of Engineering 27
Assignment Statements
 An assignment statement in C assigns a value to a variable.
An assignment statement has the format:
variable = expression;
 The name of the variable being modified is specified on the
left hand side of the equal sign. The expression on the right
can be a constant value, an algebraic equation, the return
value of a function, etc.
 Some examples of assignment statements:
x = 2;
y = x + 2;
area = pi * radius * radius;
ch = getchar();
 In addition to the equal sign (=), there are more advanced
assignment operators, which will be described later

Department of Engineering 28
Arithmetic Operators
 There are 2 types of arithmetic
operators in C:
 Unary operators
 Operators that require only one operand
 Binary operators
 Operators that require two operands

Department of Engineering 29
Unary Operator
 C Operation Operator Example

Positive + a = 3
Negative - b = -a
Increment ++ i++
Decrement -- i--

 The first assigns positive 3 to a

 The second assigns the negative value of a to b
 i++ is equivalent to i = i + 1
 i-- is equivalent to i = i - 1

Department of Engineering 30
Binary Operators
 The arithmetic operations are all binary, i.e., they require
two operands

 The division of variables of type int will always produce a

variable of type int as the result
 The modulus operator can only be used with integers. The
expression x % y yields the reminder of the division of x by
y
 For example 7 % 4 is equal to 3
Department of Engineering 31
Increment and Decrement
Operators
 Both increment and decrement operators can be used as a
prefix (pre) or as a suffix (post). The operator can be
written before the identifier as a prefix (++a) or after the
identifier as a suffix (a++)
 In simple operations such as a++ or ++a both have
exactly the same meaning. However in some cases there is
a difference
 Consider the following set of statements:
int a, x; //line 1
a = 3; //line 2
x = ++a; //line 3 (prefix)
 After executing above segment of code, "a" will be 4 and
"x" will be 4
 In line 3, first the variable "a" is incremented before
assigning it to variable "x"

Department of Engineering 32
Increment and Decrement
Operators (Cont.)
 Consider the following segment of code
int a, x; //line 1
a = 3; //line 2
x = a++; //line 3 (suffix)

 After executing above code segment "a" will

be 4 and "x" will be 3
 In the second approach in line 3 first "a" is
assigned to "x" and then "a" is
incremented
Department of Engineering 33
Increment and Decrement
Operators (Cont.)
0

Department of Engineering 34
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to combine the '=' operator
with one of the binary arithmetic operators
 In the following slide, All operations starting from c = 9

Department of Engineering 35
Equal and Relational Operators
 The relational operators are used to compare values
forming relational expressions
 The logical operators are used to connect relational
expressions together using the rules of formal logic
 Both types of expressions produce TRUE or FALSE results

Department of Engineering 36
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are useful when we want to test
multiple conditions
 There are 3 types of logical operators and they
work the same way as the boolean AND, OR and
NOT operators
 && - Logical AND
 All the conditions must be true for the whole expression
to be true
 Example: if (a == 10 && b == 9 && d == 1)
 Means the if statement is only true when a == 10 and
b == 9 and d == 1
A B A&&B A||B
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F of Engineering
Department F F F 37
Logical Operators (Cont.)
 || - Logical OR
 The truth of one condition is enough to make the whole
expression true
 Example: if (a == 10 || b == 9 || d == 1)
Means the if statement is true when either one of a, b
or d has the right value
 ! - Logical NOT (also called logical negation)
 Reverse the meaning of a condition
 Example: if (!(points > 90))
Means if points not bigger than 90

Department of Engineering 38
Type Casting
 C is a hard-typed language, meaning that each variable has
a fixed type that does not change
 C provides a mechanism which allows the programmer to
change the default data type of a given arithmetic
expression to another using what is called a type cast
 The general form of a cast is :
(type-name) expression
 Where, type-name is the desired standard C data types; the
expression may be a constant, variable or an expression
 Example: x = (float) 5; // results in 5.0
 Especially useful for division, for example:
int totalScore, totalGrades;
totalScore / totalGrades; // would produces an integer
result
(float) totalScore / totalGrades casts totalScore to a
floating point number, then division would produce a
decimal point result
Department of Engineering 39
Type Casting Example
/* Computes a test average */
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
int total_score, num_students;
float average;

printf("Enter sum of students' scores> ");

scanf("%d", &total_score);
printf("Enter number of students> ");
scanf("%d", &num_students);
average = (double) total_score / num_students;
printf("Average score is %.2f\n", average);
return 0;
}
Department of Engineering 40
Conditional Operator
 The conditional operator (? :) is used to simplify
an if/else statement
 Takes three arguments (condition, value if true, value if
false)
 Syntax:
Condition ? Expression1 : Expression2
 If the condition is TRUE the result return Expression1 and if
not it returns Expression2
 The statement above is equivalent to:
if (Condition)
Expression1
else
Expression2 Department of Engineering 41
Conditional Operator (Cont.)
 Example 1:
if/else statement:
if (total >= 60)
grade = 'P'
else
grade = 'F';
conditional statement:
grade = total >= 60 ? 'P' : 'F';

Department of Engineering 42
Conditional Operator (Cont.)
 Example 2:
if/else statement:

if (total >= 60)

printf("Passed!!\n");
else
printf("Failed!!\n");

Conditional Statement:

printf("%s!!\n", total >= 60? "Passed" : "Failed");

Department of Engineering 43
Types of Errors
 Syntax errors - ( compilers / interpreters)
 These errors are generated if the rules of the language
defined are not followed
e.g.: Missing of a semicolon after an assignment
operation
 Logical errors - ( debugger)
 They are also referred to as semantic errors, and these
result if the desired outputs are not obtained
 Run Time errors -
 These occur when a program attempts to perform a task
which is forbidden
 Examples of run time errors:
 Null pointer assignment
 Divide by zero

Department of Engineering 44