Electromagnetic Energy

Conversion Principles
 Objectives
• To learn how to calculate the stored energy in a magnetic field.
• To learn how to calculate forces in a magnetic field using the
energy method.
• To learn how to calculate forces in a linear magnetic field.
• To study magnetic field systems with single sinusoidal
excitation.
• To study the direct-axis and quadrature-axis reluctances.
• To study the operation principle of elementary reluctance
machine.
• To learn how to calculate torques in a magnetic field systems.
 The Magnetic Field-Introduction

Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which

energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers.
Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used:

1) A current carrying wire produces a

magnetic field in the area around it.

2) A current carrying wire in the Fleming left hand rule

presence of a magnetic field has a

force induced on it. (This is the basis
of motor action).
 Fleming right hand rule
3) A moving wire in the
presence of a magnetic field
has a voltage induced in it.
(This is the basis of generator
action)

4) A time-changing (AC) magnetic field induces a

voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that coil
(This is the basis of transformer action).
 Flux Lines Characteristics

• Magnetic flux lines form

closed paths
• Flux lines leave the north-
seeking end of a magnet and
enter the south-seeking end.
• Flux lines became strong if it
is shortened.
• Magnetic flux lines prefer
flowing in the lowest
reluctance path to be as short
as possible (Attraction Force)
 Quantities

• 
  is the flux in Webber (web)
• A is cross sectional area (m2)
• B is the flux density (web/m2)
• H is the flux intensity (A.turn/m)
• λ is the flux linkage (web. turns)
• L is the inductance
• i is the electric current

 𝑀𝑀𝐹 =𝑁 . 𝑖=𝐻 . 𝑙=∅ . 𝑅𝑒

Inductance:
•  
;
e: is the core reluctance (A. turn/web.)
: is the core permeability (H/m)

Electrical and Magnetic Analogy

Quantity Electric Magnetic

Source E (Voltage)= R.i F (MMF) = N.i=H.l=

Flow Current (i) Flux ()

Resistance (R) or Reluctance ()
Resist
Impedance (Z)
 Forces And Torques in Magnetic Field
Generally, if a current I flows through a conductor with length l
placed in a uniform magnetic field with density B, the conductor
will move perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field due
to the force exerted. This force is given by

F  L.I .B

l
• However, this is applicable only if the flux density is available
with simple geometry of the magnetic system.
 Energy Conservation Principle
It stated as “Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, even
though, within an isolated system, energy may be converted from
on form to another form, and transferred from an energy source
to an energy sink. The total energy in the system is constant.”
• The energy loss in magnetic field is due to eddy current and
hysteresis losses. Assuming lossless electromechanical system,
the energy flow can be depicted as
•  

where Wi = Electrical energy input, Wo = Mechanical energy

output, and Wm = Magnetic energy stored.

In incremental form in time dt, the above equation can be written
as
 
Or,
•Note
  that;

and;
, for linear electromechanical system
, for rotational electromechanical system
where
v : the induced voltage (emf)
i : the electric current
Fm : the force created by the magnetic field
dx : the linear displacement
Tm : the torque created by the magnetic field
d : the angular displacement
•Substituting,
 

 
According to Faradays’ law

where λ= flux linkage

 
Then,
(1) 
Note: Magnetic energy can be calculated as follows:
  λ
𝑊 𝑚=∫ 𝑖 𝑑 λ
0

𝑊𝑚
 
 Linear motion example
• In a simple electromechanical system shown below with air
gap length g, the following cases will be discussed.

• The independent electrical variables are the electric current i

or the flux linkage λ and the mechanical variable is the
displacement x.
•Considering
  the independent variable i and x:

Therefore,

Substitute in (1)

 In order that Fm be independent of the change in the current i, then the coefficient
of di must be zero. Comparing LHS & RHS, we get
 
(2)
Note: Effect of air-gap length
 Energy and Co-energy:
λ-i characteristics is the same as B-H curve. Therefore,
the energy and co-energy , shown in the figure below,
can be defined as follows:
  and
Then;
 
Energy and co-energy areas
in λ-i characteristics

• Taking
  the derivative with respect to x, then
 
Note that i is independent and
 
Therefore
  (3)
  
•Considering the independent variable λ and x:
In this case,


 Substituting in Equation (1) {

 For Fm to be independent of λ then the coefficient of dλ must be zero. Then

  (4)
Example 1
•The  λ-i relationship of electromechanical system is
and
Given that the current is maintained at 2A, find the mechanical force caused
by the magnetic field for the space variable coordinate g=0.06 m.
 
Solution:
•Since
  λ is expressed in terms of i & g then
,

For g = 0.06 m and i = 2 A

The negative sign indicates that the force is acting the direction of decreasing
the air gap length g.
Example 2:
•Let the λ-i relationship of electromechanical system is given by:
.
Compute the force on the iron bar at x = 0.05 m in terms of λ.

Solution:

At x = 0.05,
, positive sign indicates that Fm is to increase x.
 Force in Linear Magnetic Circuits
 For linear magnetic system λ-i characteristics is straight line.


 If i is independent, then

 If λ is independent, then

Example 3:

The magnetic structure shown is made of ferromagnetic material that has negligible
reluctance. The rotor is free to rotate. Neglect leakage and fringing. Given h = 0.05 m
(thickness), g = 0.004 m, r = 0.04 m.
• Obtain expression for torque acting on the rotor
• Calculate the torque if i=1.5 A.
• Assume Bmax = 1.5 wb/m2 , find Tmax.
Solution:
•Note  that

where N = No. of coil turns, l = mean length of the magnetic path, Re = reluctance, and
 = flux
 
;

 b) For the given dimension, substituting

c)

 
 Singly Excited Magnetic Field Systems
• If the rotor rotates, the reluctance will vary sinusoidally.
• The min. value of the reluctance will be when the rotor is in the d-axis
position  = 0 (Direct-axis reluctance Rd).
• The max. value of the reluctance occurs when the rotor is in the q-axis
position  = π/2 (Quadrature-axis reluctance Rq)
 • The minimum and maximum values of the reluctance will be
reached twice with one revolution of the rotor.
• Since the inductance is inversely proportional with the
reluctance, the inductance also has a double frequency
compared to the rotor motion.

    ,
The
•  reluctance and inductance can be expressed as
 
,
Where
,
,
Assume that the stator current is is represented as
where Is = the peak value of the current, ωs = angular frequency
 Considering is and θ are the independent variables, then the electromagnetic
torque Te can be calculated as follows.

Then,
•If the
  rotor speed is ωm then θ can be given as
 
 where is the angular position of rotor at t=0, when is = 0.
 Substituting

 using , and
 Then the instantaneous torque equation can be rewritten as follows.
 .
Since all the terms are sinusoidal with frequency 2ωm, 2(ωm+ωs) and 2(ωm-ωs),
the time average value of Te is zero.
 Since the necessary condition for non zero average torque is
 
•Under
  this condition,

 Based on this equation, δ is called torque angle.

 In terms of Ld and Lq,
 

Conclusions:
•  The machine develops an average toque only at synchronous speed.
• Since the torque is developed due to the reluctance variation, the machine
is called synchronous reluctance machine.
• If motor (reluctance motor)
• If generator
• If
 Questions
•1. Which
  of the following is correct, if the independent variables in force calculation
are the current i and the coordinate x?

a)

2. Q1: In elementary reluctance motor, the maximum torque is developed at

a)

3.  In elementary reluctance machine, the torque is developed if

a)
b)

4.  In elementary reluctance machine, if Ld = Lq

a) The machine will develop the maximum toque
b) The machine will develop the full load toque
c) The machine will never rotate
 Summary
In this lecture, you have learnt:
• Calculation of energy and co-energy in magnetic field.
• Calculation of the force in magnetic field using the energy.
• Calculation of the force in magnetic field using the co-energy.

• Calculation of the force in linear magnetic field.

• Calculation of the torque in a singly excited magnetic field.
• Discussing the operation principle of synchronous reluctance
machines.
• Discussing the condition for the torque development in
synchronous reluctance machines.
HW 1:
The lifting magnetic system shown in Figure below has a square cross section
6×6 cm2. The coil has 300 turns and a resistance of 6 ohms. Neglect
reluctance of the magnetic core and field fringing in the air gap.
(a) The air gap is initially held at 5mm and a dc source of 120 V is connected
to the coil. Determine:
1. The stored field energy.
2. The lifting force.
(b) The air gap is again held at 5mm and an ac source of 120 V (rms) at 60 Hz
is connected to the coil. Determine the average value of the lift force.
 2nd lecture objectives
• To review the equivalent circuit of synchronous machines
• To discuss the reasons of voltage drop in synchronous
machines
• Determine the parameters of synchronous machine
• To discuss the power and torque of Synchronous machine
 Structure

o Salient-pole rotor with “protruding” poles

o Round or Cylindrical rotor with a uniform air gap

Exciter Systems for Large Generators