Stanford University

Psych 221 / EE 362

Winter 2002-2003

Zernike Polynomials and Their Use in

Describing the Wavefront Aberrations of the
Human Eye

Psych 221/EE362 Applied Vision and Imaging Systems

Course Project, Winter 2003

Patrick Y. Maeda
[email protected]

Stanford University

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Introduction and Motivation Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

 Great interest in correcting higher order aberrations of the eye

 Laser eye surgery (PRK, LASIK)
– Currently, only defocus and astigmatism being corrected (2 nd order aberrations)
– Improve vision better than 20/20
– Correct problems caused or induced by current generation of laser surgery

 Imaging of the retina and other structures in the eye using adaptive optics

 Correction requires measurement of optical aberrations

 Defocus and astigmatism can be determined using sets of lenses
 Measurement of higher orders require more sophisticated techniques
– Measurement of the wavefront aberration with Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor

 Mathematical description of the aberrations needed

 Accurate description of wave aberration function
 Accurate estimation of wave aberration function from measurement data

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Project Outline Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

 Introduction/Motivation
 General Optical System Description
 Monochromatic Wavefront Aberrations
 PSF and MTF calculations
 Why Use Zernike Polynomials?
 Definition of Zernike Polynomials
 Describing Wave Aberrations using Zernike Polynomials
 Simulating the Effects of Wave Aberrations
 Wavefront Measurement and Data Fitting with Zernike
Polynomials
 Conclusion, References, Source Code Appendix

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Coordinate Systems Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Object
Plane
y Pupil Coordinate System Normalized Pupil Coordinate System
Optical
System y y
Object x
h
Height y
 Image
Plane
Optical x r ρ
y
Axis θ θ
x x
x a 1

z
h’
Image
Height
x = r cos(θ) x = ρ cos(θ)
y = r sin(θ) y = ρ sin(θ)
θ = tan-1(x/y) θ = tan-1(x/y)
r = (x2+y2)1/2 ρ = r/a = (x2+y2)1/2

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Wave Aberration Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

2
Exit 1   i W ( x, y ) 
2

Pupil PSF ( x, y )  2 2 FT  p( x, y )  e   x y
 d Ap   fx 
d
, fy 
d

Wave
FT  PSF 
Aberration MTF ( s x , s y ) 
W(x,y) FT  PSF  s x 0 , s y 0

Aberrated Image
Reference Plane
z
Wavefront x
Spherical
Wavefront
The wavefront aberration, W(x,y), is the distance, in optical path length (product of the refractive index
and path length), from the reference sphere to the wavefront in the exit pupil measured along the ray as
a function of the transverse coordinates (x,y) of the ray intersection with the reference sphere. It is not
the wavefront itself but it is the departure of the wavefront from the reference sphere.
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Describing Optical Aberrations Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

 Optical system aberrations have historically been described,

characterized, and catalogued by power series expansions

 Many optical systems have circular pupils

 Application of experimental results typically require data fitting

 It is, therefore, desirable to expand the wave aberration in

terms of a complete set of basis functions that are orthogonal
over the interior of a circle

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Why Use Zernike Polynomials? Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

 Zernike polynomials form a complete set of functions or modes

that are orthogonal over a circle of unit radius
 Convenient for serving as a set of basis functions
 Expressible in polar coordinates or Cartesian coordinates
 Scaled so that non-zero order modes have zero mean and unit variance
– Puts modes in a common reference frame for meaningful relative comparison

 Other power series descriptions are not orthogonal

 Wave aberrations in an optical system with a circular pupil

accurately described by a weighted sum of Zernike polynomials
 The Orthonormal set of Zernike polynomials is recommended for
describing wave aberration functions and for data fitting of
experimental measurements for the eye7
– Terms are normalized so that the coefficient of a particular term or mode is the
RMS contribution of that term

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Mathematical Formulae 3 Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

The Zernike polynomials are defined as 3 :

Z nm (  , )  N nm Rn (  ) cos(m ) for m  0 , 0    1 , 0    2
m

  N nm Rn (  ) sin( m ) for m  0 , 0    1 , 0    2
m

for a given n : m can only take on values of  n,  n  2,  n  4,  , n

N nm is the normalization factor

2(n  1)
N nm   m 0  1 for m  0 ,  m 0  0 for m  0
1   m0
factorial.m
Rn (  ) is the radial polynomial
m
zernike.m
(n m ) 2
(1) s (n  s )!
R () 
n
m

s 0 s !  0.5(n  m )  s  !  0.5(n  m )  s  !
 n2 s

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
List of Zernike Polynomials 7, 9,10 Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

mode order frequency

j n m Z nm   ,  Meaning

0 0 0 1 Constant term, or Piston

1 1 -1 2  sin ( ) Tilt in y - direction, Distortion
2 1 1 2  cos( ) Tilt in x - direction, Distortion
3 2 -2 6  2 sin (2 ) Astigmatism with axis at  45
4 2 0 
3 2 2  1  Field curvature, Defocus
5 2 2 6  2 cos(2 ) Astigmatism with axis at 0  or 90 
6 3 -3 8  3 sin (3 )
7 3 -1 
8 3  3  2  sin( )  Coma along y - axis
8 3 1 8  3 3
 2   cos( ) Coma along x - axis
9 3 3 8  3 cos(3 )
10 4 -4 10  4 sin (4 )
11 4 -2 
10 4  4  3 2 sin(2 )  Secondary Astigmatism
12 4 0 
5 6 4  6 2  1  Spherical Aberration, Defocus
13 4 2 
10 4  4  3  2 cos(2 ) Secondary Astigmatism
14 4 4 10  4 cos(4 )
   
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Wave Aberration Description Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

The wave aberration is expressed as a weighted sum of Zernike polynomials 7 :

k n
W (  , )   W n
m
Z nm (  , )
n m n

 1 m
k n

    Wn ( N n Rn (  ) sin(m ))   Wnm ( N nm Rn (  ) cos(m ))
m m m

n m   n m 0 

j max
W ( x, y )  W Z
j 0
j j ( x, y )

WaveAberration.m

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Double-Index Zernike Polynomials Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Radial Azimuthal Frequency, m

Order, n -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Common Names7

  , 
0 m ZernikePolynomial.m Piston
Z n
1 Tilt

Astigmatism (m=-2,2),
2 Defocus(m=0)

Coma (m=-1,1),
3 Trefoil(m=-3,3)

Spherical Aberration
4 (m=0)

Secondary Coma (m=-

5 1,1)

Secondary Spherical
6 Aberration (m=0)
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Double-Index Zernike Polynomial PSFs Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Radial Azimuthal Frequency, m

Order, n -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Common Names7

  , 
0 m ZernikePolynomialPSF.m Piston
Z n
1 Tilt

Astigmatism (m=-2,2),
2 Defocus(m=0)

Coma (m=-1,1),
3 Trefoil(m=-3,3)

Spherical Aberration
4 (m=0)

Secondary Coma (m=-

5 1,1)

Secondary Spherical
6 Aberration (m=0)
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Double-Index Zernike Polynomial MTFs Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Radial Azimuthal Frequency, m

Order, n -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 1
4 5 6 Common Names7
0.9

Pupil Diameter = 4 mm
0.8

Piston
0.7

0 ZernikePolynomialMTF.m
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
0 to 50 cycles/degree
0

 = 570 nm
0 10 20 30 40 50

  , 
1 1

m
0.9 0.9

Z
0.8 0.8

RMS wavefront error = 0.2

0.7 0.7

1 Tilt
0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

n
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

MTFy
0.1 0.1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1

MTFx
0.9 0.9 0.9

Astigmatism (m=-2,2),
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7

2
0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5

Defocus(m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Coma (m=-1,1),
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

3
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Trefoil(m=-3,3)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Spherical Aberration
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

4
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1 1

Secondary Coma (m=-

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1,1)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Secondary Spherical
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

6
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Aberration (m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Double-Index Zernike Polynomial MTFs Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Radial Azimuthal Frequency, m

Order, n -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 1
4 5 6 Common Names7
0.9

Pupil Diameter = 7.3 mm

0.8

Piston
0.7

0 ZernikePolynomialMTF.m
0.6

0.5

0.4

0 to 50 cycles/degree
0.3

0.2

0.1

 = 570 nm
0 10 20 30 40 50

  , 
1 1

m
0.9 0.9

Z
0.8 0.8

RMS wavefront error = 0.2

0.7 0.7

1 Tilt
0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

n
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

MTFy
0.1 0.1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1

MTFx
0.9 0.9 0.9

Astigmatism (m=-2,2),
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7

2
0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5

Defocus(m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Coma (m=-1,1),
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

3
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Trefoil(m=-3,3)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Spherical Aberration
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

4
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1 1

Secondary Coma (m=-

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1,1)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Secondary Spherical
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

6
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Aberration (m=0)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Simulation based on Human Eye Data Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Mode j Coefficient (m) RMS Coefficient (m)

0 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 1.02 0.416413256
4 0 0
5 0.33 0.134721936
6 0.21 0.074246212 MTF of Zero Aberration System, 5.4mm pupil MTF of Zero Aberration System, 5.4mm pupil
7 -0.26 -0.091923882 1 1

8 0.03 0.010606602 0.8 0.8

9 -0.34 -0.120208153
0.6 0.6
10 -0.12 -0.037947332
11 0.05 0.015811388 0.4 0.4
12 0.19 0.084970583
0.2 0.2
13 -0.19 -0.060083276
14 0.15 0.047434165 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
s x (cycle/deg) s y (cycle/deg)
Total RMS Wavefront Error (m) 0.484608089
MTF of Aberrated System, Wrms = 0.85012  MTF of Aberrated System, Wrms = 0.85012 
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
s x (cycle/deg) s y (cycle/deg)

WaveAberrationMTF.m

WaveAberration.m WaveAberrationPSF.m
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Measurement Setup Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

y
Pupil
Iris
z
x

Incoming
Light Beam

Retina Ideal Real

Planar Aberrated
Wavefront Wavefront

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Shack-Hartmann Sensor Layout Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

PBS Pupil Relay Optics CCD

Lenslet
Array
Light
Source

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Lenslet Array

y(x1, y1)
Aberrated y(x1, y2)
Wavefront

y(x1, y3)

y(x1, y4)

Focal Length f
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Data Fitting with Zernike Polynomials Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

W ( x, y ) x( x, y )

x f
W ( x, y ) y ( x, y )

y f
W ( x, y )   W j Z j ( x , y )
j

W j is the coefficien t of the Z j mode in the expansion

W j is equal to the rms wavefront error for that mode
W ( x, y ) Z j ( x, y )
 W j
x j x
W ( x, y ) Z j ( x, y )
 W j
y j y
x( x, y ) Z j ( x, y )
 W j (14)
f j x
y ( x, y ) Z j ( x, y )
 W j (15)
f j y

Equations (14) and (15) can be used to determine the Wj’s using Least-squares Estimation

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Least-squares Estimation Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Let,
x( x, y ) y ( x, y )
 b( x, y ) and  c ( x, y )
f f
Z j ( x, y ) Z j ( x, y )
 g j ( x, y ) and  h j ( x, y )
x y
Equations (14) and (15) can be expressed in matrix form
 b( x1 , y1 )   g1 ( x1 , y1 ) g 2 ( x1 , y1 )  g j max ( x1 , y1 ) 
 b( x , y )   g ( x , y ) g ( x , y )  g j max ( x1 , y 2 ) 
 1 2   1 1 2 2 1 2

          W1 
   
b( x k , y k )   g1 ( x k , y k ) g 2 ( x k , y k )  g j max ( x k , y k )   W2 
 2k 2  j max
 c( x1 , y1 )   h1 ( x1 , y1 ) h2 ( x1 , y1 )  h j max ( x1 , y1 )    
     
 1 2   h1 ( x1 , y 2 ) h2 ( x1 , y 2 )
c ( x , y )  h j max ( x1 , y 2 )  W j max 
        
   
c( x k , y k )   h1 ( x k , y k ) h2 ( x k , y k )  h j max ( x k , y k ) 
or
  
The Least - squares estimate of  is given by :
 LS  ( T  ) 1 T 
where  T is the matrix transpose of 
Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03
 Stanford University
Benefits of Orthogonality Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Since the Z j ' s are orthogonal :

Their partial derivatives in x are orthogonal
Their partial derivatives in y are orthogonal

Therefore the columns in  are orthogonal

  T   D1 where D1 is a diagonal matrix with non - zero diagonal elements
  LS  D2 T  where D2 is a diagonal matrix
 The wave aberration coefficients are obtained by projection of the
data onto the partial derivatives of the Zernike polynomials and
multiplication by a diagonal matrix

Note that a non - orthogonal set of basis functions may result in the inversion of an
ill - conditioned matrix, ( T  ) 1

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Conclusions Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

 Zernike Polynomials well suited for

 Describing wave aberration functions of optical systems with circular
pupils
 Estimation of wave aberration coefficients from wavefront measurements

 Able to integrate Psych 221 learning with material from optical

systems and Fourier optics courses
 Linear systems theory make image formation and image quality
evaluation straightforward
 Suggestions for future work
 Extend simulation to incorporate chromatic effects
 Investigate the how wave aberration changes with accommodation
 Conduct simulations on a wide set of patient data
 Simulate the higher order aberrations induced by the PRK and LASIK
 Research some of the new wavefront technologies like implantable lenses

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
References Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

[1] MacRae, S. M., Krueger, R. R., Applegate, A. A., (2001), Customized Corneal Ablation, The Quest for
SuperVision, Slack Incorporated.
[2] Williams, D., Yoon, G. Y., Porter, J., Guirao, A., Hofer, H., Cox, I., (2000), “Visual Benefits of Correcting
Higher Order Aberrations of the Eye,” Journal of Refractive Surgery, Vol. 16, September/October 2000,
S554-S559.
[3] Thibos, L., Applegate, R.A., Schweigerling, J.T., Webb, R., VSIA Standards Taskforce Members (2000),
"Standards for Reporting the Optical Aberrations of Eyes," OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Vol. 35,
Vision Science and its Applications, Lakshminarayanan,V. (ed) (Optical Society of America, Washington,
DC), pp: 232-244.
[4] Goodman, J. W. (1968). Introduction to Fourier Optics. San Francisco: McGraw Hill
[5] Gaskill, J. D. (1978). Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms, Optics. New York: Wiley
[6] Fischer, R. E. (2000). Optical System Design. New York: McGraw Hill
[7] Thibos, L. N.(1999), Handbook of Visual Optics, Draft Chapter on Standards for Reporting Aberrations of
the Eye. http://research.opt.indiana.edu/Library/HVO/Handbook.html
[8] Bracewell, R. N. (1986). The Fourier Transform and Its Applications. McGraw Hill
[9] Mahajan, V. N. (1998). Optical Imaging and Aberrations, Part I Ray Geometrical Optics, SPIE Press
[10] Liang, L., Grimm, B., Goelz, S., Bille, J., (1994), “Objective Measurement of Wave Aberrations of the
Human Eye with the use of a Hartmann-Shack Wave-front Sensor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 11, No. 7,
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[11] Liang, L., Williams, D. R., (1997), “Aberration and Retinal Image Quality of the Normal Human Eye,” J. Opt.
Soc. Am. A, Vol. 14, No. 11, 2873-2883.

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03

 Stanford University
Appendix I Psych 221 / EE 362
Winter 2002-2003

Matlab Source Code Files:

zernike.m
ZernikePolynomial.m
ZernikePolynomialPSF.m
ZernikePolynomialMTF.m
WaveAberration.m
WaveAberrationPSF.m
WaveAberrationMTF.m

Patrick Y. Maeda 3/10/03