Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department

Introduction to Communication Systems (EEEg-3152)

Chapter Two
Analysis and Transmission of Signals
Analysis and Transmission of Signals

Outline:

• Review of the Fourier Transform

• FT of Some Common Signals
• Properties of the FT
• Energy and Power Signals
• Power Spectral Density and Correlation

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 2

Signals
Review of the Fourier Transform

• The Fourier transform (FT) of a continuous-time signal x(t),

denoted by X(f), is defined as:

−j2
)= −x e dt

• The inverse Fourier transform (IFT) is given by:

j2
x = − )e df

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 3

Signals
Review of the Fourier Transform…….

• We say that x(t) and X(f) are FT pairs and denote

this relationship as:

Existence of the FT:

• For the FT representation to exist, the continuous-time

signal x(t) must be absolutely integrable, i.e.,

∞
න () < ∞
−∞

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 4

Signals
Review of the Fourier Transform…….

Exercise:

1. Find the FT of the following continuous-time

signals.
−at
a. x =e ), a 0
at
b. x =e u(−t), a 0

2. Find the inverse FT of:

, f fm
X f 1
( )= otherwise
0,
Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 5
Signals
FT of Some Common Signals

i. Unit impulse function

• The continuous-time unit impulse function, denoted by
, is defined as:

0, t=0
=

0, t 0
• The time-shifted continuous-time unit impulse function is
defined as:

0, t =t 0
−t0)=
0, t t 0

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 6

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

• The continuous-time unit impulse and shifted unit impulse

functions are shown in the figure below.

Fig. Continuous-time unit impulse and shifted unit impulse functions

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 7

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

Properties of the impulse function:

• Consider a signal x(t) which is continuous at both t =0
and t =t0 .
1
. x dt =x(0) 4. (at)=
1 a

2. x (t−t0)dt= )
0
5. (−t)=

t2
3. (t−t0)dt=1, t1 t0 t2
t1

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 8

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

ii. Unit step function

• The continuous-time unit step function, denoted by u(t), is
defined as:

, 0
t
u 1
=

t 0
,0
• Similarly, the shifted continuous-time unit step function is
defined as:

1, t t
0

−t0)=
0, t t
0

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 9

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

• The continuous-time unit step and shifted unit step

functions are shown in the figure below.

Fig. Continuous-time unit step and shifted unit step functions

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 10

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

iii. Rectangular pulse function

• A unit rectangular pulse function, denoted by rect

1 2
, t
rect = = 1

otherwise
0,
• The unit rectangular pulse function can be written in terms

1 2

1 2
of unit step function as: =u t+ −u t−

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 11

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

• The general form of a rectangular pulse function with pulse

A, t
t t 2
rect = =

0, otherwise

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 12

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

iv. Triangular pulse function

defined as:

1− t , t 1

0, otherwise

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 13

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

• The general form of a triangular pulse function with pulse

1− t , t
t t
= =

0, otherwise

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 14

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

v. sinc function

( )
sin ( ) =

• The sinc function is an even damped oscillatory function

with zero crossings at integer values of its argument.
• This function plays an important role in signal processing.

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 15

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

Exercise:

Show that:
t
a. sin )

c. 1 (f)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 16

Signals
FT of Some Common Signals…….

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of Signals 17

FT of Some Common Signals…….

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of Signals 18

Properties of the FT

1. Linearity property

x1 →X1(f) and x2 X2(f)

1
+ 2
→ 1
(f)+ (f)
2

2. Time scaling property

1 a

f a
x → ) x(at) →

X
Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 19
Signals
Properties of the FT…….

3. Time shifting
−j2 0
x → ) −t ) e )
0

j2 0

xt () →
X f
( )
x t t
( + 0
)
e ( )
X f

4. Frequency shifting

x ⎯
FT→ ) ej
2
x FT
⎯→ − )

FT −j FT
x ⎯→ ) e 2 0 x ⎯→ + )

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 20

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

5. Differentiation in the time domain

x →X( dx (j2 )
dt
• By repeatedly applying the time differentiation property, it is
straightforward to verify that:

d nx FT
x → n ⎯→ (j2f)
n
)
dt

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 21

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

6. Differentiation in the frequency domain

(−jt)x dX(f)
df
7. Time integration

t )
1 2
x d
FT
⎯→ + X(0) (f)
j2

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 22

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

8. Convolution in time domain

x1 →X1(f) and x2 X2(f)

x1 x2 X1( 2
(f)

9. Multiplication in time domain

x1 →X1(f) and x2 X2(f)

x1 x2 X1(f)*X2(f)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 23

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

9. Duality property

x → ) X →x(−f)

10. Parseval’s energy theorem

• Parseval’s theorem relates the energy of a signal in the

time domain to the energy of its FT in the frequency
domain.

2 2

Ex = − x t dt = X f df

() ( )
Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 24
Signals
Properties of the FT…….

Exercise-1:

Find the Fourier transform of the following signals using

the FT properties.

=
. 0
. ( ) = cos( 0 )
. ( ) = − 2 0

. ( ) = sin( 0 )
. () = cos( 0 )

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 25

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

Exercise-2:

Using FT properties, show that:

FT 1
a. sgn(t) ⎯→
j f

→ 1
1 2
b. u (f)
+ j2 f
2
c. sinc (f)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 26

Signals
Properties of the FT…….

Exercise-3:

1. Use frequency shifting property to show

that:

1 2

1 2
x cos(2 ) → − )+ + )

2. Use the duality property to show that:

f W
2AWsinc(2Wt) →A

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 27

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Energy and Power Signals

• The normalized energy E of a continuous-time signal x(t) is

defined as:

E= −
x dt

• The normalized energy a finite duration continuous-time

1 2

t2 2
E x t dt
()
1

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 28

Signals
Energy and Power Signals…….

• We can also calculate the normalized energy using

Parseval’s theorem as:
2
E= − ( ) df
X f
• A signal is said to be an energy signal if the normalized
total energy E has a non-zero finite value, i.e., 0 < E <
∞.
• All finite duration continuous-time signals are energy
signals.
• The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as:

1 2
P= T x dt
→ 2T
Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 29
Signals
Energy and Power Signals…….

• For a periodic continuous-time signal x(t), the above

formula reduces to:

1 2
T

P
= x dt
T
• If a signal has non-zero finite normalized average power,
then it is said to be a power signal, i.e., 0 < P < ∞.
• All periodic continuous-time signals are power signals.

• The energy signals have zero average power whereas the

power signals have infinite total energy.

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 30

Signals
Energy and Power Signals…….

Exercise:

1. Find the energy of the finite duration continuous-time

signal x(t) given by:
5cos ), −1 t 1
x
=

0, otherwise

2. Find the average power of the continuous-time periodic

signal x(t) given by:

x =Amcos( t)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 31

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Power Spectral Density and Correlation

• The time-average autocorrelation function of a periodic

x

= 1 () (+ ) xt
Rx T

x t dt
0
T

1 T
. Rx Rx(0)= x
2
dt=P T 0
1
Anabsolutemaximumof R x
existsat =0
2. Rx =Rx(− ) Rx iseven

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 32

Signals
Power Spectral Density and Correlation…….

• The power spectral density (PSD) of a periodic power

signal x(t), denoted by Sx(f), is defined as the Fourier
transform of Rx(τ), i.e. ,

− 2 j
Sx(f) ( )R
= x
e d

• Thus, the time-average autocorrelation function of a signal

and its power spectral density are Fourier-transform pairs:

Rx Sx(f)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 33

Signals
Power Spectral Density and Correlation…….

• Taking the inverse Fourier transform of S (f), we obtain: x

Rx( ) = − Sx fe
j
2
f
df
( )

• In terms of Rx( ) and Sx(f) , the total average power of the

signal is given by:

1
P=Rx ()= 0 T
2
x dt= Sx(
T 0 −

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 34

Signals
Power Spectral Density and Correlation…….

Exercise:

1. Consider a continuous-time periodic signal x(t) given by:

x =A cos(
m
t)
a. Find the autocorrelation function Rx( )

b. Find the power spectral density S (f) x

c. Evaluate the total average power of x

2. Determine the power spectral density and total average

power if the autocorrelation function is: Rx ( )=1+cos(2 )

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 35

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 Exercises

1. Evaluate the Fourier transform (FT) of:

e. x =
−5t
a. x =10e u cos(2 )

b. x =10sinc f. x =5sinc(20t)

c. x =3

d. x =3 cos(10 )

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 36

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 Exercises……

2. Find the energy of the following continuous-time signals.

−t 2t
3 e. x =e u(4−t)
a. x =e

t t
b. x = cos(6 ) f. x = +
12 2

c. x =2 u − −8)

d. x =cos(10 )u u(2−t)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 37

Signals
 Exercises……

3. Find the average power of the following periodic signals.

a. x =10cos100t+
3

b. x =10cos(5 )+2sin(7 )

c. x =cos(4 )sin(2 )

d. x = 10+2sin( cos(10t)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 38

Signals
 Exercises……

4.
Determine the average power of the following periodic
signals. In each case provide a sketch of the signal and
give its period.
t−6n
a. x =2cos4 −3 c. x = n
3 2

t−4n
b. x = 3
n 2

NB: n:is an integer

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 39

Signals
 Exercises……

5. Find the Fourier transform (FT) of the following

signals using appropriate Fourier transform
properties. t− 3
a. x = d. x =
2

b. x =sinc2

c. x = cos(6 ) f. x = (2 j4

NB:
→sin ) and 2
sinc (f)

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 40

Signals
 Exercises……

6. Consider a continuous-time periodic signal given by:

x =3+6cos(20 )+3sin(20 )

Determine the:

a. time-average autocorrelation function

b. power spectral density of the signal

c. total average power

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 41

Signals
 Exercises……

7.
Find the autocorrelation functions of the signals having
the following power spectral densities. Also give their
average powers.
a. S (f)=4 (f−15)+4 (f+15)
x

b. S (f)=9 (f−20)+9 (f+20)

x

c. S (f)=16 (f−5)+16 (f+5)

x

c. S (f)=9 (f−20)+9 (f+20)+16 (f−5)+16 (f+5)

x

Chapter 2- Analysis and Transmission of 42

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