SRIMATHI SUNDARAVALLI MEMORIAL SCHOOL, CHENNAI – 63.

CLASS: XI SUBJECT:COMPUTER
SCIENCE

WELCOME
TO
COMPUTER SCIENCE
 SYLLABUS:
Theory:
 Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation
 Unit II: Computational Thinking and Programming – 1
 Unit III: Society, Law and Ethics

Practical:
 Python program
 Report file: Minimum 20 Python programs
 Project
Introduction to computer System:
 A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data
(input), process it and generate result (output).
 A computer along with additional hardware and software together is called a
computer system.
 A computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU),
memory, input/output devices and storage devices.
 All these components function together as a single unit to deliver the desired
output.
 A computer system comes in various forms and sizes. It can vary from a
high-end server to personal desktop, laptop, tablet computer, or a
smartphone.
The block diagram of a computer system.
Computer Hardware:
 It is the physical components that a computer system requires to function.
 It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a PC or
laptop; including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing
Unit), ventilation fans, webcam,
power supply, and so on.
Software:

 The hardware is of no use on its own. Hardware needs to be operated by a

set of instructions.
 These sets of instructions are referred to as software. It is that component of
a computer system, which we cannot touch or view physically.
 It comprises the instructions and data to be processed using the computer
hardware.
 The computer software and hardware complete any task together. The
software comprises a set of instructions which on execution deliver the
desired outcome.
Software:

• In other words, each software is written for some computational purpose.

• Some examples of software include operating systems like Ubuntu or
Windows 7/10, word processing tool like LibreOffice or Microsoft Word,
video player like VLC Player, photo editors like GIMP and LibreOffice draw.
• A document or image stored on the hard
disk or pen drive is referred to as a soft-copy.
• Once printed, the document or an image is
called a hard-copy.
 Input Devices:
 The devices through which control signals are sent to a computer are
termed as input devices.
 These devices convert the input data into a digital form that is acceptable
by the computer system.
 Some examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch
screen, etc.,.
 Specially designed braille keyboards are also available to help the visually
impaired for entering data into a computer.
 Besides, we can now enter data through voice, for example, we can use
Google voice search to search the web where we can input the search
string through our voice.
 Input Devices:
 Data entered through input device is temporarily stored in the main
memory (also called RAM) of the computer system.
 For permanent storage and future use, the data as well as instructions
are stored permanently in additional storage locations called secondary
memory.
Output Devices:

 The device that receives data from a computer system for display, physical
production, etc., is called output device.
 It converts digital information into human
understandable form.
 For example, monitor, projector, headphone,
speaker, printer, etc.
Output Devices:

 A braille display monitor is useful for a visually challenged person to

understand the textual output generated by computers.
 A printer is the most commonly used device to get output in physical
(hardcopy) form.
 Three types of commonly used printers are inkjet, laserjet and dot matrix.
Now-a-days, there is a new type of printer called 3D-printer, which is used
to build physical replica of a digital 3D design. These printers are being
used in manufacturing industries to create prototypes of products. Their
usage is also being explored in the medical field, particularly for developing
body organs.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):

 It is the electronic circuitry of a computer that carries out the actual

processing and usually referred as the brain of the computer. It is
commonly called processor also.
 Physically, a CPU can be placed on one or more microchips called
integrated circuits (IC).
 The CPU is given instructions and data through programs. The CPU then
fetches the program and data from the memory and performs arithmetic
and logic operations as per the given instructions and stores the result
back to memory.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
 While processing, the CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its
local memory called registers.
 Registers are part of the CPU
chip and they are limited in size
and number.
 Different registers are used for
storing data, instructions or
intermediate results.
Computer Memory:

 A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for processing.

 Whenever we talk about the ‘memory’ of a computer system, we usually talk about
the main or primary memory.

 The secondary memory (also called storage device) is used to store data,
instructions and results permanently for future use.
Types of Memory:

 Human beings memorise many things over a lifetime, and recall from memory to
make a decision or some action.

 However, we do not rely on our memory completely, and we make notes and store
important data and information using other media, such as notebook, manual,
journal, document, etc.
Types of Memory:

 Similarly, computers have two types of memory — primary and secondary.

A. Primary Memory:
 Primary memory is an essential component of a computer system.
 Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before processing.
 The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read or
write operation. It is of two types viz.
1) Random Access Memory (RAM)
2) Read Only Memory (ROM).
 RAM is volatile, i.e., as long as the power is supplied to the computer, it
retains the data in it.

 But as soon as the power supply is turned off, all the contents of RAM are
wiped out.

 It is used to store data temporarily while the computer is working.

 Whenever the computer is started or a software application is launched,

the required program and data are loaded into RAM for processing.

 RAM is usually referred to as main memory and it is faster than the

secondary memory or storage devices.
 On the other hand, ROM is non-volatile, which means its contents are not
lost even when the power is turned off.
 It is used as a small but faster permanent storage for the contents which
are rarely changed.
 For example, the startup program (boot loader) that loads the operating
system into primary memory, is stored in ROM.
(B) Cache Memory:
 RAM is faster than secondary storage, but not as fast as a computer
processor. So, because of RAM, a CPU may have to slow down.
 To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed memory is placed
between the CPU and the primary memory known as cache.
 It stores the copies of the data from frequently accessed primary memory
locations, thus, reducing the average time required to access data from
primary memory.
 When the CPU needs some data, it first examines the cache. In case the
requirement is met, it is read from the cache, otherwise the primary memory
is accessed.
(C) Secondary Memory:
 Primary memory has limited storage capacity and is either volatile (RAM) or
read-only (ROM).
 Thus, a computer system needs auxiliary or secondary memory to
permanently store the data or instructions for future use.
 The secondary memory is non-volatile and has larger storage capacity than
primary memory. It is slower and cheaper than the main memory. But, it
cannot be accessed directly by the CPU.
 Contents of secondary storage need to be first brought into the main memory
for the CPU to access.
 Examples of secondary memory devices include Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/
DVD, Memory Card, etc.,.
Units of Memory:
 A computer system uses binary numbers to store and process data. The
binary digits 0 and 1, which are the basic units of memory, are called bits.
 Further, these bits are grouped together to form words.
 A 4-bit word is called a Nibble.
 Examples of nibble are 1001, 1010, 0010, etc.
 A two nibble word, i.e., 8-bit word is called a byte, for example, 01000110,
01111100, 10000001, etc.
 Like any other standard unit, bytes are grouped together to make bigger
chunks or units of memory.
Units of Memory: