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Drying Notes

Drying is the removal of liquid, generally water, from a wet solid or suspension to produce a relatively liquid-free solid product. It is commonly used in industries like food, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. There are two main periods in drying - the constant rate period where the drying rate remains constant, and the falling rate period where the drying rate continuously decreases. Factors like gas velocity, humidity, temperature, and surface area affect the drying rate. Drying proceeds until the solid reaches its equilibrium moisture content.

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99 views21 pages

Drying Notes

Drying is the removal of liquid, generally water, from a wet solid or suspension to produce a relatively liquid-free solid product. It is commonly used in industries like food, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. There are two main periods in drying - the constant rate period where the drying rate remains constant, and the falling rate period where the drying rate continuously decreases. Factors like gas velocity, humidity, temperature, and surface area affect the drying rate. Drying proceeds until the solid reaches its equilibrium moisture content.

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Drying

Drying
•Drying may be defined as an operation in which the liquid,
generally water, present in a wet solid (or a suspension or even a
solution) is removed by vaporization to get a relatively liquid-free
solid product.

•Drying is frequently practiced in many industrial operations,


particularly in the chemical industry.

•Examples: Sugar crystals are dried before packaging, soaps are


dried before marketing, and the drying of leather under
controlled conditions is an important step in the leather
processing.
Purpose of Drying
• To avoid or eliminate moisture which may lead to corrosion and
decrease the product or drug stability in pharmaceutical industry.

• To improve or keep the good properties of a material, e.g. flow


ability, compressibility.

• To reduce the cost of transportation of large volume materials


(liquids)

• To make the material easy or more suitable for handling.

• The final step in: Evaporation- Filtration- Crystallization.


Difference between drying and evaporation

• In drying processes, the main operation usually carried out on


solid materials, e.g. powders, or products.
• Drying in most of the cases means the removal of relatively small
amounts of water from solids .Evaporation include the removal of
large amounts of water from solutions.
• In most cases, drying involves the removal of water at
temperatures below its boiling point, whereas evaporation
means the removal of water by boiling a solution.
• In drying , water is usually removed by circulating air over the
material in order to carry away the water vapor , while in
evaporation , water is removed from the material as pure water
vapour mixed with other gases.
Drying Equilibria
• Driving force in drying generally being the difference in vapour
pressure exerted by moisture present in the material to be dried
and the partial pressure of moisture in the surrounding air,
equilibrium relations are usually expressed in terms of these two
quantities.

• When the vapour pressure exerted by the moisture in the solid


is the same as the partial pressure of moisture in the
surrounding air, there will be no net transfer of moisture and the
solid will have equilibrium moisture content.

• Drying can theoretically proceed only up to the equilibrium


moisture content.
EquilibriumAtmospheric
moisture content
Coolingfor different solids
Tower
Equilibrium data for drying are usually expressed in the form of
moisture content of the solid as a function of relative saturation or
relative humidity (p/pv) of the surrounding air. Equilibrium moisture
contents of a few solids have been shown in Figure
Some Important Terminologies
• Bone-dry solid: A solid without any moisture in it is called
bone-dry solid.
• Moisture content on dry basis: Moisture content is
generally expressed as weight fraction or weight percent.
Moisture content on dry basis is defined as kg moisture
per kg dry solid (X). Percentage moisture on dry basis is
100X.
• Moisture content on wet basis: Moisture content on wet
basis is the amount of moisture per unit amount of wet
solid.
 kg of moisture 
Moisture Content   
 kg of moisture  kg of dry solids 
X
Moisturecontent 
1 X
Some Important Terminologies
• Free moisture: This is the moisture present in a
substance in excess of the equilibrium moisture content,
(X - X*). Only free moisture can be removed during
drying.
• Critical moisture: This is the moisture content of a
substance at which drying rate changes from constant
rate to falling rate.
• Bound moisture: The moisture contained by a substance,
which exerts an equilibrium V.P. less than the V.P. of pure
water at that temperature is called bound moisture.
• Unbound moisture: The moisture contained by a
substance that exerts an equilibrium V.P equal to that of
pure water at that temperature is known as unbound
moisture.
Some Important Terminologies
Critical moisture: This is the moisture content of a substance at
which drying rate changes from constant rate to falling rate.

Constant rate Period- It is the part of a drying process during


which the rate of drying ,expressed as the moisture evaporated
per unit time per unit area of drying surface remains constant.(It
is a drying period during which the rate of drying is constant).

Falling rate Period- It is the part of a drying process during


which the rate of drying varies with time and instantaneous
drying rate expressed as the amount moisture evaporated per
unit time per unit area of drying surface continuously
decreases(It is a drying period during which the rate of drying is
continuously decreases).
Types of Moisture
Constant drying condition
The condition under which the temperature ,
humidity, velocity and direction of flow of the hot air
or gas across the drying surface are constant during
drying operation.
Rate of drying curve
The drying characteristics of wet solids are generally described by
the drying rate curves obtained under constant drying conditions.
Such curves with moisture content v/s time and drying rate v/s
moisture content.
Rate of drying curve
Rate of drying
The rate of drying curve gives a relationship
between rate of drying, expressed as the moisture
evaporated per unit time per unit area of the drying
surface and moisture content on a dry basis.

dX 1
N  Ss 
d A
Factors on which rate of drying depends
Gas velocity- when velocity of gas or air is high the rate of drying will
also be high.

Humidity of gas- lesser the RH and the more will be the rate of drying.

Area of drying surface- If the area of wet surface exposed to gas or air is
more, the rate of drying will also be more.

Temperature- If the temperature of the gas is increased, its RH


decreases and it thus increases driving force and so the rate of
drying increases.
Time of drying under constant drying conditions
• Consider that the wet solids are to be dried by passing hot air over
them under constant drying conditions.

• The time of drying a solid material from initial moisture content to


the final moisture content is the sum of the time of drying required
during the constant rate period and time required during the falling
rate period.

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