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Ivana Alawi
Mimiyuuuh
Alex
Gonzaga
Cong TV
Lloyd
Cadena
Who are they?
Who is the
most famous?
Who has the best
vlog content?
The Research
Paper
Why do you need to learn how to
write a research paper?
In college, you will be asked
to write many research papers, Learning Targets:
and you need to learn what 1. How to choose a topic?
goes into writing a successful 2. How to write a thesis or
paper. introductory statement?
3. Understand the difference
This PowerPoint presentation bet. plagiarism and acceptable
will give you step-by-step plagiarism
directions on how most high 4. Learn how to use
school and college “parenthetical notations.”
teachers/professors expect you 5. Bibliography & proper
to write a basic research paper. format.
from an old French word,

“sercher”
- to seek or search Research
prefix “re”- again

It is defined as “intensive
search with the
purpose of becoming
certain”.

It is a systematic
investigation into reality to
gain knowledge.
#structure
 • Abstract
#structure
• Introduction/ thesis statement
of a research • Literature Review
paper • Methodology
Main parts of • Results
a composition: • Discussion
 Introduction
 Body • Conclusion
 Conclusion
• Reference
• Appendices
 Structure of the Research Paper
Section Purpose of the Section
Abstract To briefly introduce the reader to the aims of the study,
the methodology, results and findings.

Introduction To state a clear overall purpose for the study, often

and/or thesis framed in a discussion of the need the research is
statement satisfying.
To define the research question(s) of the study.
To give a very brief background of relevant theory and
practice for your topic.

Literatur To summarize what conclusions have been reached in the

e Review research literature and whether different writers agree or
not.
To highlight main issue and controversies around the
problem.
 Structure of the Research Paper
Section Purpose of the Section
Methodology To demonstrate that you are aware of the research
methods used to study this topic.
To explain and justify the method of data collection and
analysis.

Results To present the findings of your research in an orderly

manner, using heading planned in your methodology or
headings arising from patterns found in the research.

Discussion To comment on the trends/findings and show your

understanding of what your data suggests.
To highlight anything unexpected that came up.
 Structure of the Research Paper
Section Purpose of the Section
Conclusion To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of
the outcomes of your study.
To discuss the limitations of your study and indicate
where further research is needed.

Reference To list alphabetically all the reference materials that

have been cited in the text of the report.

Appendices To present relevant details such as letters to participants

and organizations.
To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other
relevant instrument that you developed for the purpose
of the study.
To present relevant documents, e.g. Reports/policy/
historical documents.
 Grab a copy on

#how to write?
 Abstract
It is a summary of a body of
information; it expresses the main
#how to write?

claim and argument of a paper.

Questions that an abstract answers:

• Why did you do this study or
project?
• What did you do and how?
• What did you find?
• What do your findings
mean?
 Introduction
The primary purpose of an introduction is
#how to write?

to frame the paper for its readers. It

should provide:
• brief description of the topic
• statement as to why the topic is
worth researching or why it could be
found interesting
• statement of the research
objectives.
• statement of the method(s) and the
scope of study.
• An overview of the rest of the paper.
 Literature review
Four guide questions:
#how to write?

• What is the present state of

knowledge regarding the topic
under consideration?
• How are the studies related to
the one being proposed?
• What is the quality of the studies
reviewed?
• How will the proposed study
contribute to the existing
literature?
 Methodology
• To demonstrate that you are aware
#how to write?

of the research methods used to

study this topic.
• To justify the research method and
approach you have taken or your
study.
• To explain and justify the method
of data collection and
analysis.
 Conclusion
The ‘results’ and ‘discussion’ should be the
focus of this part.
#how to write?

• To sum up your findings and

highlight the significance of the
outcomes of your study.
• To outline any implication or
recommendations indicated by the
findings.
 Conclusion
Results - to present the findings of
#how to write?

your research in an orderly

manner, using heading planned in
your methodology or headings
arising from patterns found in the
research.

Discussion - show your

understanding of what your data
suggests.
 Reference(s)
• To list alphabetically all the
#how to write?

reference materials that have

been cited in the text of the report.
Referencing your paper
• References need to contain all works
cited in the text.
• References should consistently follow
one recognizable system.
 Appendices
• To present relevant details such
as letters to participants and
#how to write?

organizations.
• To present details of
questionnaires, surveys and other
relevant instrument that you
developed for the purpose of the
study.
• To present relevant documents,
e.g. Reports/policy/ historical
documents.
 Grab a copy on

#where & how do we begin?

Choose a
subject
 that interests you but
from which you can still
learn much
 not too broad
 not too difficult, one for
which you can find
materials from popular
magazines or books
aimed at general reading.
 that has some interest
for the average reader.
Choosing
Subject for
a
Research
Paper
 Observation or
experience
 Interview
 The library
 Special bulletins
and reports

G athering
oMaterial
f
s
Common type of outline: • Have some ideas of topics
in which you will be
needing information.
• Begin your reading with a
few general articles which
give an overall survey.
• Try to anticipate the
important questions your
paper will have to
answer.
• Jot down what seems to
be the major divisions
of the subject.
Make a
Preliminary
Outline
  Use unrolled index,
Suggestions for preferably 4x6 inches in
note taking: size.
 Cover only one subject on
each card.
 Write the subject on the
left hand corner.
 Name the exact source.
 Use direct quotations if
you want to include your
paper the author’s exact
wording.
 Make most of your notes
brief statement in your
own words.

Note taking
Quoting
means to
REPEAT
another source
word for word,
using quotation
marks.

Parenthetica
l Citations
 Keys to Parenthetical Citations
 Keep quotes short “Make it easier
 Give only information for your
needed
neededto toidentify
identify reader!”
the source on your
Works Cited Page
 You don’t need to cite
information that is
cite information that
is “common
“common
knowledge”
Parenthetica
l Citations
• To show that an authority In research papers, you
supports your point;
should quote from a
• To present a position or
argument; source:
• To include especially moving
or historically significant
language; and
• To present a particularly “How do I
well-stated passage whose QUOTE
meaning would be lost or an author?”
an
changed if paraphrased or author?”
summarized.

W an author?
hen to
QUOTE
 PLAGIARISM
1. Passing
Passing of
of someone
someone else’s
else’s
work as your own, whether
we do this deliberately or
not.
2. Not
Not acknowledging
acknowledging when
when
using information (i.e. data,
tables, figures or graphics)
from other writers.
3. Inadequately
Inadequately paraphrasing
paraphrasing
aasource.
source.

A sour ce
D o c u m e nntig
Paraphrase!!!

I’ve just
stolen other
author’s
work!

PLAGIARIZER
Plagiarism v. Paraphrasing
Direct quote from research: Non-plagiarized paraphrase:

“Japan’s beautiful Mount Mount Fuji, the highest

Fuji last erupted in 1707 and mountain in Japan, is actually a
is now classified as dormant. dormant volcano. Dormant
Dormant volcanoes show means that it is not active. The
no signs of activity, but they last time Mount Fuji erupted was
may erupt in the future.” in 1707, and there is always the
possibility of a future eruption.
 Plagiarism v. Paraphrasing
Direct quote from research: Non-plagiarized paraphrase:
“Three weeks after Katrina, Shortly after Hurricane
warnings of the arrival of Katrina devastated the city of
Hurricane Rita sent residents of Houston, Texas, a warning for
cities such as Houston, Texas, a new hurricane named Rita
rushing to evacuate, fearing for
was broadcast, which caused
many people to panic and flee
their lives. Fortunately,
the city. However, the mass
Hurricane Rita turned out to be departure of people leaving
much less severe than Katrina. Houston at the same time
However, mass evacuations like could have caused many car
this bring hazards of their own, accidents, even though the
as panicking drivers may cause hurricane turned out to be not
accidents on the jammed roads.” as dangerous as Katrina.
#why use a consistent format?
 Why use a
Consistent
Format?
1. Helps your reader understand your arguments
and the sources they’re built on.
2. Allow readers to cross-reference your sources
easily I they are doing further research.
3. Provides consistent format.
4. Gives you credibility and reliability as a
writer.
Why should you bother?
 It demonstrates you have
looked up the
information to prove
your points.

Colleges require a specific format.

#formatting your research
Formatting your h paper. Which one?
researc
APA Format
MLA Format (American Psychological Association)
- is an academic format commonly used
(Modern Language Association)
- is the official guide to non-fiction to cite sources within the social sciences.
Used by various other scientific
writing widely adopted by schools,
journals (including medical and public
academic departments, and health journals), textbooks, and
instructors acade
mia.

ACM Format
(Association for Computer Machinery)
is the largest and oldest
international scientific and industrial
computer society where they
publish their own journals or
proceedings.
 MLA Guidelines APA Guidelines
Paper Standard size (8.5 x 11" in the U.S.)
Page Margins 1" on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) 1" on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
Font 12-pt. easily readable (e.g., Times 12-pt. Times Roman or Courier. For
Roman) figures, however, use a sans serif font
such as Arial.

Spacing Double-spaced throughout, including Double-spaced

captions and bibliography
Alignment of Flush left (with an uneven right margin) Flush left (with an uneven right margin)
Text
Paragraph 1/2" (or five spaces) 5–7 spaces
Indentation
End of Sentence Leave one space after a period unless Leave one space after a period unless
your teacher prefers two. your teacher prefers two.

Page Numbers On every page, in the upper right On every page (except Figures), in the
margin, 1/2" from the top and flush upper right margin, 1/2" from the top
with the right margin put your last and flush with the right margin, two or
name followed by the page number. three words of the paper title (this is
called the running head) appear five
spaces to the left of the page number,
beginning with the title page.
 MLA Guidelines APA Guidelines
Title Page Only if your teacher requests one. The title page is always the first
Instead, on the first page, upper page.
left corner place on separate lines, On the line below the page
double-spaced: number, the running head is typed
Your name flush left (all uppercase) following
Teacher's name the words "Running head:"
Course name or number Below the running head, the
Date following are centered on their
Underneath, center the title using own lines, using upper and lower
regular title capitalization rules and case:
no underline. Start the report Paper title
immediately below the title. Your name
Your school

Section Top level headings should be

Headings centered on the page, using upper
and lower case.
Second level headings should be
flush left, italicized, using upper
and lower case.
 MLA Guidelines APA Guidelines
Tables & Place tables and illustrations as Unless your teacher tells you
Illustrations close as possible to the text they otherwise, tables and illustrations
refer to. appear at the end of the paper.

A table is labeled Table and given a Each table begins on a separate

number (e.g., Table 1). The table page with the label Table 1 (etc.)
label and caption or title appear typed flush left on the first line
above the table, capitalized like a below the page number. Double-
title, flush left. space and type the table title flush
left (italicized using uppercase and
Sources and notes appear below lowercase letters).
the table, flush left.
Photos, graphs, charts or diagrams Figures Captions appear on the last
should be labeled Figure (usually numbered page of the paper. In
abbreviate Fig.), and assigned a this case the label Figure 1 (etc.) is
number (e.g., Fig. 1). The label, italicized and the caption itself is
title, and source (if any) appear not. The caption uses regular
underneath the figure, flush left, in sentence capitalization. The
a continuous block of text rather figures themselves follow, one per
than one element per line. page.
 MLA Guidelines APA Guidelines
Order of Each of these sections (if
Major present) begins on a new page:
Sections  Title page
 Abstract
 Body
 References
 Appendixes
 Footnotes
 Tables
 Figure Captions
 Figures

Binding Most teachers prefer a simple

paper clip or staple. Follow
your teacher's request.
Additional Purdue University Online Purdue University Online
Information Writing Lab (OWL) - Writing Lab (OWL) -
MLA Style Guide APA Style Guide
#writing bibliography
 Bibliography is a list of the sources you
used to get information for your report.

 As a rule of academic writing,

 As aneed
students ruletoofadmit
academic writing,
the truth when they use other
students
people'sneed
ideas,toviews,
admitdata,
the information,
truth written
when they use
materials, other people's
audiovisual resources,ideas,
etc. When you use a
directdata,
views, quotation or copiedwritten
information, section, follow cite the source
and no bibliography truth secret. It intends to tell reader
materials, audiovisual resources, etc.
about accuracy, value and relevancy of the sources that
When you use a direct quotation or
are cited.
copied section, follow cite the source
and no bibliography truth secret. It
intends to tell reader about accuracy,
value and relevancy of the sources
that are cited.
 MLA Format APA Format
BOOKS
Author's last name, first name. Book Author's last name, first initial.
title. Additional information. City of (Publication date). Book title.
publication: Publishing company, Additional information. City of
publication date. publication: Publishing company.

Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of

North America. Washington, D.C.: North America. Washington, D.C.:
National Geographic Society, 1974. National Geographic Society.

Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A

Searles, Baird, and Martin Last. A reader's guide to science fiction.
Reader's Guide to Science Fiction. New New York: Facts on File, Inc.
York: Facts on File, Inc., 1979.
Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed.
Toomer, Jean. Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Darwin
Turner. New York: Norton, 1988. T. Turner. New York: Norton.
MLA FormatAPA Format ENCYCLOPEDIA AND
DICTIONARY
Author's last name, first initial.
Author's last name, first name. "Title
(Date). Title of
of Article." Article.
Title Title of
of Encyclopedia.
Date.
Encyclopedia (Volume, pages).
City of publication: Publishing
company.
Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James."
Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.
Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber,
James. Encyclopedia
americana. (p.Sewall,
Pettingill, Olin 600). Jr.New York:
"Falcon and
Scholastic
Falconry."Library Publishing.
World Book Encyclopedia.
1980.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980).

Falcon and Falconry. World
book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-
MLA Format APA Format MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES
Author's last name, first initial.
Author's last name, first name. (Publication date). Article title.
"Article title." Periodical title Volume Periodical title, volume number
# Date: inclusive pages. (issue number if available), inclusive
pages.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." Trillin, C. (1993, February 15).

New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51. Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp.
48-51.

Kalette, Denise. "California Town

Counts Down to Big Quake." USA Kalette, D. (1986, July 21).
Today 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1. California town counts town to big
quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.
MLA Format APA Format MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES
Author's last name, first initial.
Author's last name, first name. (Publication date). Article title.
"Article title." Periodical title Volume Periodical title, volume number
# Date: inclusive pages. (issue number if available), inclusive
pages.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." Trillin, C. (1993, February 15).

New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51. Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp.
48-51.

Kalette, Denise. "California Town

Counts Down to Big Quake." USA Kalette, D. (1986, July 21).
Today 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1. California town counts town to big
quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.
 Finished!!!
You did it!!!