Drilling Engineering Course

BY ATIF ISMAIL
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Course Content
GEO-E-360: Drilling Engineering
 
MID TERM
 
Introduction to various drilling methods, Purpose of drilling, planning the well. Cable tool drilling
its introduction, equipment relative merits and current applications. Rotary drilling- its
introduction and basic operations. Basic rig components and brief introduction to their function.  
 
END TERM
 
Mud pumps rating and capacities, Types of bits.  Hoisting operation, Development in drilling
systems. Introduction to drilling fluid-composition, function and general.  
Wellsite Geology-Geotechnical order-anticipated geological sequences, well cutting analysis and
redefining assumed lithological boundaries, drill stem test
Recommended Resources

Applied Drilling Engineering by Bourgyne et al.

Well Engineering and Construction by Hussain Rabia
Class Notes
Possible Assessment mechanism

 Theory
Mid Term (40); Paper (30%), Quiz (10%)
End Term (50); Paper (40%), Quiz (10%)
Attendance/class participation/CEP ; (10%)

 Lab
Cognitive (Lab Report) (40%), Quiz (10%)
Psychomotor (Performance) (10%)
Affective (Viva) (40%)
For Exams the attendance of the student should be greater than 75%, otherwise WF grade
will be assigned.

The submission of the assignments and labs should be followed according to the decided
deadlines.

Considering the COVID situation, kindly ensure mask while sitting in class (Incase on
campus).

The Rubericks of the lab assessment and other relevant material will shared later on google
classroom.
Drilling Engineering

The act of making a hole (pathway) for flow of fluids from

subsurface to surface using engineering knowledge.

What a Drilling Engineer do?

Drilling engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as
safely and economically as possible.

Application
Petroleum Engineering
Mining Engineering
Hydrogeology
Explosive Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Onshore Drilling: On land
Offshore Drilling: In Water

Vertical drilling
Horizontal drilling

Types of Drilling Wells

Cat Well
Development Well
Production Well

What is a drilling rig?

A drilling rig is an integrated system that drills wells, such as oil or water wells.
Drilling Rig Classification
By power used; mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, steam

By pipe used

By height

By method of rotation

By position of derrick

Parts of Drilling Rig

Cable Tool Drilling

 INTRODUCTION
Firstly used in China to drill water, then in 19th century first time used for the oil well drilling
 The cable-tool system was essentially a method of pounding out a hole by repeated
blows with a bit attached to a “drill stem”, a heavy length of steel suspended from a wire
rope. The drill stem provided the weight to force the bit into the ground.
 After drilling a few feet, the bit was pulled out and the cuttings removed with a
“bailer”, an open tube with a valve at the bottom.
 Steel pipes known as casing, of progressively smaller diameter, were run from time to
time to prevent the hole from caving in and to keepback any water flow.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS:
1. The walking beam was a wooden bar that rocked up and down on
a central pivot.
2. The derrick provided a space to raise the cable and pull the long
drilling tools out of the hole.
3. As the beam rocked up it raised the cable and attached chisel, or bit.
4. Then, when the walking beam rocked down, heavy weights,
sinker bars, above the bit provided weight to ram it into the ground.
5. The bit punched its way into the rock.
6. Repeated lifting and dropping made the bit drill.
7. Special equipment played out the cable as the hole deepened.
Main Advantage
Work well in hard formations
Main Disadvantage/Limitations
Donot work in soft formations like clay or loose sand.
Rotary Drilling

INTRODUCTION
Drilling of rock on the basis of rotary action of the drilling bit
Above the bit, long sections of pipe, the drill pipe, are joined together to
connect the equipment in the borehole to the facility present on the surface.
Casing is used to protect borehole environment from surrounding of borehole
Mud is circulated during the drilling activity to lift the cutting on the surface
Main Component Parts of a Rotary Rig are:-

1. Power System
2. Hoisting System
3. Fluid Circulating System
4. Rotary System
5. Well Control System
6. Well Monitoring System
1-Rig Power System

· Most power consumed by :

hoisting system and fluid circulation
· Not used at same time
· Total power requirements 1000 – 3000 hp
· Old days steam
· Now internal combustion diesel engines types (1) diesel-electric type (electric
motors), (2) direct-drive type (gears-chains) depending on power method.
 Diesel Electric Rigs
Rig engines are used to generate electricity. Electric Power is supplied to various drilling
components using electric motors
Electric current motors are wired to give torque for hoisting and circulation purposes
 Direct Drive Rigs
Power transmission is done from internal combustion engines using gears, chains, belts and
clutches rather than generators and motors.
Cost effective (Initial)
Hydraulic drive are torque converters
POWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Are stated in terms of:

1. Output horse power

2. Torque
3. Fuel consumption for various engine speeds

P =  T = 2N.F.r

Where,
P = shaft power (hp)
 = 2N, Angular velocity of the shaft (engine speed), rad/min
T = output torque (lb-ft)
N = Rev./min
· Overall power efficiency determines the rate of fuel consumption (Wf) at a given engine speed.

· Heating values (H Btu/lbm) of various fuels for internal combustion engines are shown in Table

Fuel Density (lbm/gal) Heating Value H(Btu/lbm)

Diesel 7.2 19,000
Gasoline 6.6 20,000
Butane 4.7 21,000
Methane -- 24,000

Heat energy to the engine Qi

Qi = Wf.H (hp) (1.2)

Et = P /Qi = Energy Output / Energy Input (1.3)

Et = overall power system efficiency

Qi = Heat Energy input to engine
Example 1.1: A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If
the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is the output power and overall efficiency of the
engine?

Solution: The annular velocity, , is given by

=2(1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.
The power output can be computed using :
P=  T
7,539.8(1740) ft  lbf / min
 = 397.5 hp
1hp = 33000 ft-lbf/min
33,000 ft  lbf / hp
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density  is 7.2 lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000 Btu/lbm. Thus,
the fuel consumption rate wf is
wf = 31.5 gal/hr (7.2 lbm/gal)  1hour 
 
 60 min utes 
= 3.78 lbm/min
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by :
Qi= wf H (1btu = 779lbf-ft)
3.78lbm / min(19,000 Btu / lbm )( 779 ft  lbf / Btu )
 = 1,695.4 hp.
33,000 ft  lbf / min/ hp
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200 rpm given by is

P 397.5
Et   = 0.234 or 23.4%
Qi 1695.4
HOISTING SYSTEM
Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string and other subsurface equipment into or out of hole.
Principal Components
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works
Operations performed with hoisting system are; 1) making a connection, 2) making a trip
Functions of Derrick
1. Provides vertical height required to raise sections of pipe.
2. Rated according to their ability to withstand compressive loads and (wind loads)

Components of Block and Tackle

1. Crown block
2. Travelling block
3. Drilling line
Rating of Derricks
 Compressive Strength; Overturning moment due to pipe on the derrick
 Wind Load; Overturning moment due to wind load.
The derrick is supported by attaching strings with the legs of the derrick
Substructure
Substructures are the structural components of land and water-based oil platforms which support
the derrick, mast, or other rig components, as well as providing storage space below the main
deck. Substructure supports the derrick.
Components of
the hoisting
system
 Principle Function of Block and Tackle system is to provide a mechanical advantage which permits easy
handling of larger loads.
Load supported by travelling block W
M 
Load imposed on the draw works Ff
Where W = Mechanical Advantage, Ff = Tension in the fast line
The ideal mechanical advantage that assumes no friction in the block and tackle can be determined from a force
analysis of the travelling block.
nFf = W
W
Mi 
W/n
Input power of block and tackle = pi
Pi = Ff .vf
Where, Ff = draw works load, Vf = velocity of fast line, Ph = output power of the hook load

Ph = W.vb
Where, W = travelling block load, Vb = velocity of travelling block

Vf
Vb 
n
Ph (nF f )  (v f / n)
E  1 no friction
Pi Ff v f
 Knowledge of block and tackle efficiency permit to calculate the actual tension in the fast line for a
given weight.
Ph Wvb W (v f / n ) W
E   
Pi Ff v f Ff v f nF f
W
Ff 
En
Fd = (Hook Load) W + (Tension in the fast line) Ff + (Tension in the dead line) Fs

W W  1  E  En 
Fd  W   W 
En n  En 
For E>=0.5, the load on leg A (Hook Load) is greater than other three legs. Since if one leg
fails, whole derrick collapse.
 W  n4
(Maximum Derrick Load) Fde  W  4    W
 n   n 

( Actual Derrick Load ) Fd

(Derrick Efficiency Factor ) Ed 
( Maximum Equivalent Derrick Load ) Fde

 1  E  En 
W 
En
Ed   
n4
W 
 n 
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power to the
block and tackle system as high as 500hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block.
Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.
Solution:
(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841.

The tension in the fast line will be

W 300,000
Ff    44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is
Ph = E.Pi = 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp
(iii) The maximum hoisting speed is given by

  33,000 ft  lbf / min  

 420.5hp  
Ph   hp   = 46.3 ft/min
vb   
W 300,000lbf
 
 
(iv) The actual derrick load is given by

 1  E  En   1  0.841  0.841(8) 
Fd   W   (300,000) = 382,090 lbf
 En   0.841(8) 
(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by

n4 84
Fde   W  (300,000)  450,000lbf
 n  8

(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is

 Fd  382,090
Ed      0.849 or 84.9% Answer
 Fde  450,000
Drawworks

Provide the hoisting and braking power required to raise or lower the heavy strings of the pipe.

Principle Parts
 The drums
 The brakes
 The transmission
 The catheads
 Drums
Torque required for hoisting and braking
Storage of drilling line
 Brakes
To stop and sustain weight during hoisting
Auxiliary Brakes
To dissipate the heat produced during braking
1) Hydrodynamic Type
Water is forced to move opposite to direction of drum
2) Electromagnetic type
By two opposing magnets
 Transmission

For easily changing direction and speed of the traveling block.

Power must be transmitted to catheads to both ends of draw works.

 Catheads

Friction catheads are use to assist lifting or moving equipment on the floor

Automatic makeup cathead is another type of cathead is present between friction cathead
and draw works which is used to screw or unscrew sections of drill pipe. Tongs are
supported with such cathead by chains.
Course Content Covered

• Introduction to Drilling Engineering

• Purpose of Drilling Engineering
• Classification of Drilling Rig
• Components of Drilling Rig
• Types of Drilling Rigs
• Hoisting System
• Draw Works
• Components of Draw works
Week-1 CIRCULATING SYSTEM
 Circulating System…...

Circulating System
Circulating Systems

Components:
1. Mud Pumps
2. Mud Pits
3. Mud Mixing Equipment
4. Contaminants Removal Equipment
Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston Pumps.
 Two-Cylinders- Duplex (Double Acting Forward-Backward)
 Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only Single Acting)
DuplexTriplex
Heavy Light
Bulky More Compact
High Output Pressure Lower
Pulsation Without Pulsation
Require more Maint.Cheaper to Operate

Therefore majority of new pumps are Triplex.

Selection of Pumps
(1) Ability to move high solid content fluids
(2) Ability to move large particles
(3) Ease to operation and maintenance
(4) Reliability
(5) Ability to operate over wide range of pressures and flow rates by
changing the diameters of the pump liners and pistons.

Overall Pump Efficiency =Mechanical Efficiency x Volumetric Efficiency

Em= Mechanical Efficiency ~ 90%
Ev= Volumetric Efficiency ~ 100%
 Mechanical efficiency
Depends upon prime mover and linkage with shaft

 Volumetric efficiency:
The ratio of the volume actually displaced by a piston or plunger to its swept volume.
Efficiency of Pump (Pump Factor) = Mechanical Efficiency * Volumetric Efficiency
 Circulating System…...

Pump Displacement

(1) Duplex, Double Acting

Two cylinder; double acting pump that move forward and backward

Where, dr = Piston rod diameter, dL= Liner diameter

Ls= Stroke Length (Stroke = one complete pump revolution).

Forward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) dL2 Ls

Backward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls (for one Cylinder)

Fp (Pump Factor)= 2 Ls(/4) (2dL2 - dr2 ) . Ev

Example 1.3:Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per stroke for a duplex pump
having 6.5-in. liners, 2.54-in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric efficiency of 90%?

Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump can be determined as

Fp = 2 Ls(/4) (2LL2 - Lr2 ) . Ev

= (/2) (18) [ 2(6.5)2 - (2.5)2] . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.3 /stroke (1bbl = 9702 inch3)
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke. Answer
Triplet Pumps
 Three cylinder pump; Single acting pumps that pumps when piston move forward only.

 Lighter and more compact but less pressure than duplex

 Commonly preferred as a replacement for new pumps
Volume displaced by each piston during one complete pump cycle is given below

 2
 d l Ls
4 and Ls is stroke length
Where, dl piston rod diameter
Total Volume displaced per complete pump cycle having three cylinders is given by

3efficiency
2
F 
Where Ev is volumetric
p L d Eand Fp is pump factor.
s l 
4
 Flow rate by Pump
Flow rate of pump = Fd * N
Where, N is number of cycles per unit time
Hydraulic power output = discharge pressure * flow rate
pq
Ph 
1714
Where, p is the hydraulic power (hp), Delta p is discharge pressure and q is flow rate
(gal/min).
 Circulating System…...

Flow conduits between pump and drill string include:

1. Surge chamber (Pulsation Damper)

2. 4 or 6 inch heavy-walled pipe connecting the pump to a
pump manifold located on the rig floor.
3. Standpipe and rotary hose.
4. Swivel
5. Kelly
 Circulating System…...

Contaminant Removal
1. Shale shaker for coarse rock cuttings
2. Hydrocyclones and decanting centrifuge for fine particles.
3. Degasser
Gas as a drilling Fluid (Air, Natural gas)
 Penetration rate is higher than water especially when formation is strong and
extremely low K.
 Higher Penetration rate than mud
 Water flow is a problem; cutting are stick together
 Solution to this problem: Surfactant + Water to form foam based drilling mud
 Cost of maintenance increases with increase in water
 Invasion of water is plugged by following methods
(a) Low Viscosity Plastic; Solidification
(b) Silicon Tetrachloride; Silica + Water leads to plugging of pores due to silica
precipitation
(c) Using Packers

 Min. annular velocity is 3000 ft/min for injection pressure.

 Use of percussion tool with bit when high strength rocks are drilled with air.