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    3.1 Heat Change in Reactions

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    lhmoo
    Thermochemistry studies the heat changes that occur in chemical reactions. Reactions can be classified as either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings and cause temperature to increase, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings and cause temperature to decrease. The heat of reaction, H, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (H is negative) or endothermic (H is positive) based on the energy change between reactants and products.

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    3.1 Heat Change in Reactions

    Uploaded by

    lhmoo
    99 views18 pages
    Thermochemistry studies the heat changes that occur in chemical reactions. Reactions can be classified as either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings and cause temperature to increase, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings and cause temperature to decrease. The heat of reaction, H, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (H is negative) or endothermic (H is positive) based on the energy change between reactants and products.

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    Thermochemistry studies the heat changes that occur in chemical reactions. Reactions can be classified as either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings and cause temperature to increase, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings and cause temperature to decrease. The heat of reaction, H, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (H is negative) or endothermic (H is positive) based on the energy change between reactants and products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    99 views18 pages

    3.1 Heat Change in Reactions

    Uploaded by

    lhmoo
    Thermochemistry studies the heat changes that occur in chemical reactions. Reactions can be classified as either exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings and cause temperature to increase, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings and cause temperature to decrease. The heat of reaction, H, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (H is negative) or endothermic (H is positive) based on the energy change between reactants and products.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    CHAPTER 3

    THERMOCHEMISTR
    Y
    Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry
    that studies the heat changes in chemical
    reactions.

    . There is a change of energy when a chemical


    reaction occurs and usually involves heat energy.
    . Heat energy is either released or absorbed
    during a chemical reaction.
    Chemical
    reactions can
    be classified
    into

    Exothermic Endothermic
    reactions reactions
    EXOTHERMIC

     Chemical reactions that release heat to the surroundings.


     Causes the temperature to rise.
     The container becomes hot.
     The total energy of reactants is higher than products.
     
     H = Hproducts - Hreactants
     
     H = negative sign
     Occurs during the formation of bond
    EXOTHERMIC

    The amount of heat released during the formation of


    bonds in products is more than the heat absorbed during
    the breaking of bonds in reactants.
    Examples: Respiration, neutralisation, oxidation of
    metals, combustion of fuel, production of ammonia and
    dissolving sodium hydroxide in water.
    EXOTHERMIC

     Energy level diagram


    Energy

    Reactants

     H = - Y kJ mol-1

    Products
    ENDOTHERMIC
     Chemical reactions that absorb heat from the
    surroundings.
     Causes the temperature to drop.
     The container becomes cold.
     The total energy of reactants is lower than products.
     
     H = Hproducts - Hreactants
     
     H = positive sign
     Occurs during the breaking of bond
    ENDOTHERMIC

    The amount of heat released during the formation of


    bonds in products is less than the heat absorbed during
    the breaking of bonds in reactants.
    Examples: Photosynthesis, decomposition of metal
    carbonate and metal nitrates when heated and
    dissolving ammonium salts in water.
    ENDOTHERMIC

     Energy level diagram


    Energy

    Products

     H = + Y kJ mol-1

    Reactants
    Heat of reaction
    During a chemical reaction, heat is absorbed or released.
     

    This heat is called heat of reaction and is given the


    symbol H.
    The unit for heat of reaction is kJ mol-1.
     

    Heat of reaction, H is the heat change of one mole of


    reactant that reacts or one mole of product that is formed.
    The following thermochemical equation shows an exothermic reaction
     
    Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) ; H = - 467 kJ mol-1

    Energy   The reaction between magnesium, Mg and


    sulphuric acid, H2SO4 forming magnesium
    sulphate, MgSO4 and hydrogen gas, H2 is an
    Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) exothermic reaction.
     When 1 mole of Mg reacts with 1 mole of
    H2SO4 to form 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole
    of H2 gas, 467 kJ is released to the
     H = - 467 kJ mol-1 surroundings.
     During the reaction, the temperature of the
    mixture increases.
    MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)  The total energy content of the products
    (MgSO4 and H2) is lower than the total energy
    content of the reactants (Mg and H2SO4).
    Therefore, H is negative
    The following thermochemical equation shows an endothermic reaction
     
    N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ; H = + 180 kJ mol-1

    Energy  
     The reaction between nitrogen gas, N2 and
    oxygen gas, O2 forming nitrogen monoxide
    2NO(g) gas, NO is an endothermic reaction.
     When 1 mole of N2 reacts with 1 mole of O2 to
    form 2 mole of NO gas, 180 kJ is absorbed
    from the surroundings.
     H = + 180 kJ mol-1  During the reaction, the temperature of the
    mixture decreases.
     The total energy content of the products (NO)
    N2(g) + O2(g) is higher than the total energy content of the
    reactants (N2 and O2).
    Therefore, H is positive
    During a chemical reaction, the chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new
    bonds are formed in the products. Based on Table 3.1, the change for the reaction
    between hydrogen, H2 and chlorine, Cl2 to produce hydrogen chloride is shown in
    Figure 3.3.
    In an exothermic reaction, the heat energy released
    during the formation of the bonds in the products is
    greater than the heat energy absorbed to break the
    bonds in the reactants.
    In an endothermic reaction, the heat energy absorbed
    to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the
    heat energy released during the formation of the
    bonds in the products.

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