Threads Fasteners

Threads and Fasteners
Two Categories of Fasteners

• Temporary and Permanent
Summary
– How to represent fasteners and threads on an
engineering drawing.
– How to calculate bolt and screw clearance holes.
– Threads are represented by thread symbols, not
by a realistic drawing.
Fasteners
• Fasteners include:
– bolts and nuts (threaded)
– set screws (threaded)
– washers
– keys
– pins
• Fasteners are not a permanent means of
assembly such as welding or adhesives.
Fasteners
• Fasteners and threaded features must be
specified on your engineering drawing.
– Threaded features: Threads are specified in a
thread note.
– General Fasteners: Purchasing information must
be given to allow the fastener to be ordered
correctly.
Thread Definitions
• Screw Thread: A ridge of uniform section in
the form of a helix.
Thread Definitions
• External Thread: External threads are on the
outside of a member.
– A chamfer on the end of the screw thread makes

it easier to engage the nut.
Chamfer
Thread Definitions
• External Thread:
– An external thread is cut using a die or a lathe.

Thread Definitions
• Internal Thread: Internal threads are on the
inside of a member.
– An internal thread is cut using a tap.

Thread Definitions
• Major DIA (D): The largest diameter (For both
internal and external threads).
• Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter.
• Depth of thread: (D-d)/2
• Pitch DIA (dP): The diameter at which a line cuts

the spaces and threads equally.
Identify the Major, Minor & Pitch
diameters and the Thread Depth.
3
1 2
4 5
6 7 88
10 9
Identify the Major, Minor & Pitch
diameters and the Thread Depth.
3
1 2
4 Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
10 9
Thread Definitions
• Crest: The top surface.
• Root: The bottom Surface.
• Side: The surface between the crest and root.

Identify the Crest, Root and Side.
3
1 2
4 Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
10 9
Identify the Crest, Root and Side.
Crest
1 2
Root Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
10 Side
Thread Definitions
• Pitch (P): The distance from a point on a screw
thread to a corresponding point on the next
thread (in/Threads).
• Angle of Thread (A): The angle between the

threads.
Thread Definitions
• Screw Axis: The longitudinal centerline.
• Lead: The distance a screw thread advances

axially in one turn.
Identify the Pitch, Screw Axis and Thread Angle.
Crest
1 2
Root Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
10 Side
Identify the Pitch, Screw Axis and Thread Angle.
Crest
Axis Pitch
Root Thread Depth
Minorn Pn Majorn
8
Angle Side
Thread Definitions
• Right Handed Thread: Advances when turned
CW. (Threads are assumed RH unless specified
otherwise.)
• Left Handed Thread: Advances when turned

CCW.
Application Question
• Name an example of a left handed thread.
Left peddle of a bike

Threads on a propane tank connection
Types of Thread
• There are many different types of thread
forms (shape) available. The most common
are;
– Unified
– Metric
Types of Thread
• Thread form choice depends on;
– what it will be used for
– length of engagement
– load
– etc…
Types of Thread (Form)
Thread Name Figure Uses
Unified screw General use.
thread
ISO metric General use.
screw thread
Square Ideal thread
for power
transmission.
Types of Thread (Form)
Thread Name Figure Uses
ACME Stronger than
square thread.
Buttress Designed to
handle heavy
forces in one
direction.
(Truck jack)
Manufacturing Threads
• Internal Threads
– First a tap drill hole is cut with a twist drill.
The tap drill hole is
a little bigger than
the minor
diameter. Why?
Incomplete
• Internal Threads threads
– Then the threads are cut using a tap.
The tap drill hole is

longer than the
length of the
threads. Why?
Drill Sizes
• Internal Threads
– Chamfers are sometimes cut to allow for easy
engagement.
• External Threads
– You start with a shaft the same size as the major
diameter.
• External Threads
– The threads are then cut using a die or on a lathe.
• External Thread cutting on Lathe
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0q_q53wsyHU
• External Threads using a Die

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-Q34j0NceE
• Internal Threads using a Tap Drill

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCHQLFZHHJc&fea
ture=related
Drawing Screw Threads
• There are three methods of representing
screw threads on a drawing.
– Detailed
– Schematic
– Simplified
• Screw thread representation present in this

chapter is in accordance with the ASME Y14.6-
2001 standard.
Detailed Representation
• A detailed representation is a close
approximation of the appearance of an actual
screw thread.
Detailed Representation
• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Looks good and clearly represents a thread.
Con: Takes a long time to draw.
Schematic Representation
• The schematic representation uses staggered
lines to represent the thread roots and crests.
• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Nearly as effective as the detailed
representation and easier to draw.
Con: Still takes some time to draw.
• Rules of use for Schematic threads
– Should not be used for hidden internal threads or
sections of external threads.
Simplified Representation
• The simplified representation uses visible and
hidden lines to represent the major and minor
diameters.
Simplified Representation
• Pros and Cons?
Pro: Simple and fast to draw.
Con: Doesn’t look like a thread.
Simplified Internal Threads
Simplified Internal Threads
Drawing Screw Threads
• Thread tables in the appendix can be used to
look up value for the;
– Pitch
– Minor diameter
– Tap drill diameter
• If screw thread tables are not available, the

minor diameter can be approximated as 75%
of the major diameter.
Unified Threads (inch)
• After drawing a thread, we need to identify
the size and thread form in a thread note.
Thread Note
Unified Thread Note Components
• Major Diameter: The largest diameter.
• Threads per inch: Number of threads per inch
for a particular diameter.
– Equal to one over the pitch (1/P).
• Thread Form and Series: The shape of the
thread cut.
– UNC = Unified National coarse.
• For general use.
– UNF = Unified National fine.
• Used when high degree of tightness is required.
– UNEF = Unified National extra fine.
• Used when length of engagement is limited (Example:
Sheet metal).
• Thread Class: Closeness of fit between the two
mating threaded parts.
– 1 = Generous tolerance. For rapid assembly and
disassembly.
– 2 = Normal production
– 3 = High accuracy
• External or Internal Threads
– A = External threads
– B = Internal threads
• Right handed or left handed thread
– RH = Right handed (right handed threads are
assumed if not stated.)
– LH = Left handed
• Depth of thread: The thread depth is given at
the end of the thread note and indicates the
thread depth for internal threads
– This is not the tap drill depth.
• Thread class is assumed to be 2.
• Threads are assumed to be RH.
May be left off if
assumptions hold.
Exercise 5-2
• Identify the different components of the
following Unified National thread note.
• 1/4 – 20 UNC – 2A – RH
1/4 .25 inch Major DIA
20 20 threads per inch (P = 1/20 = .05)
UNC Thread form & series – UN Coarse
2 Thread Class – Normal Production
A External Threads
RH Right Handed Threads
Exercise 5-2
• Identify the different components of the
following Unified National thread note.
• 1/4 – 28 UNF – 3B – LH
1/4 .25 inch Major DIA
28 28 threads per inch (P = 1/28 = .036)
UNF Thread form & series – UN Fine
3 Thread Class – High Accuracy
B Internal Threads
LH Left Handed Threads
Unified National Thread Tables
• Standard screw thread tables are available in
order to look up the:
– Major diameter
– Threads per inch
– Minor diameter or Tap drill size.
• Thread tables are located in Appendix E.

Exercise 5-3
• Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread.
(See Appendix E)
Exercise 5-3
10 – 32 UNF
Exercise 5-3
(See Appendix E)
No
– Is the major diameter 10 inches?
10 – 32 UNF
Exercise 5-3
(See Appendix E)
0.190
– Is the major diameter 10 inches?
10 – 32 UNF
Exercise 5-3
(See Appendix E)
– What is the minor diameter?
10 – 32 UNF
Exercise 5-3
(See Appendix E)
– What is the minor diameter?
D – 1.0825P =
0.190 – 1.0825/32 = 10 – 32 UNF
0.156
Drawing Bolts
• D represents the
major diameter.
• Nuts are drawn in a

similar fashion.
Bolt and Screw Clearances
• Bolts and screws
attach one material
with a clearance
hole to another
material with a
threaded hole.
• The size of the
clearance hole
depends on;
– the major diameter
of the fastener
– and the type of fit
• normal
• close
• loose
Table 5-2 (Normal fit clearances)
• Other fits may be found in Appendix E.
• Sometimes bolt or screw
heads need to be flush
with the surface. This can
be achieved by using
either a counterbore or
countersink depending
on the fasteners head
shape.
• Counterbores:
Counterbores are holes
designed to recess bolt
or screw heads below
the surface of a part.
Typically,
CH = H + 1/16 (1.5 mm)
and
C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm)
• Countersink:
Countersinks are angled
holes that are designed
to recess screws with
angled heads.
Typically,
C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm)
Appendix E gives other

counterbore, countersink and
shaft clearance holes.
Exercise 5-6
• What is the normal fit clearance hole diameter
for the following nominal bolt sizes.
Nominal Clearance
size hole
1/4 9/32
3/4 13/16
Exercise
• A 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw
needs to go through a piece of metal in order
to screw into a plate below.
• The head of the screw should be flush with
the surface.
Exercise 5-6
• 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw
• Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix E.
Head diameter
Height of head
Normal clearance hole dia.
C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
D = 5/16
Exercise 5-6
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=0.469

Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16
C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
Exercise 5-6
Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469

C’Bore dia.
C’Bore depth
Exercise 5-6

Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32
C’Bore dia. B = 17/32
C’Bore depth
Exercise 5-6

C’Bore depth
Exercise 5-6

C’Bore depth >H (H+1/8 = 7/16)

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Threads and Fasteners

Two Categories of Fasteners

– A chamfer on the end of the screw thread makes

– An external thread is cut using a die or a lathe.

– An internal thread is cut using a tap.

• Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter.

• Depth of thread: (D-d)/2

• Pitch DIA (dP): The diameter at which a line cuts

• Root: The bottom Surface.

• Side: The surface between the crest and root.

• Angle of Thread (A): The angle between the

• Lead: The distance a screw thread advances

• Left Handed Thread: Advances when turned

Left peddle of a bike

The tap drill hole is

• External Threads using a Die

• Internal Threads using a Tap Drill

• Screw thread representation present in this

• If screw thread tables are not available, the

• Thread tables are located in Appendix E.

• Nuts are drawn in a

Appendix E gives other

Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=0.469

Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469

Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469

Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469

Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469

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