Radioactive Elements (Autosaved)

Radioactive
element
A material containing unstable nuclei

is considered as radioactive element.
Radioactive decay
 Is the process by which an
unstable atomic nucleus loses energy in
the form of alpha, beta or gama
particles .
Alpha particles
Known as electrons
Beta particles
Known as protons
Gama particles
Known as neutrons
Half-life:
is defined as the time it takes for one-
half of the atoms of
a radioactive material to disintegrate.
For example, if the half-life of a 50g
sample is 3 years, then in 3 years only 25
grams would remain. During the next 3
years, 12.5 grams would remain and so on.
The half-life of radioisotopes varies from
seconds to billions of years.
Radioisotope Half-life
Polonium-215 0.0018 seconds Half-life of

Bismuth-212 60.5 seconds some
Sodium-24 15 hours
common
Iodine-131 8.07 days
Cobalt-60 5.26 years

elements
Radium-226 1600 years
Uranium-238 4.5 billion years

Advantages:
1.Carbon-dating:
uses the half-life of Carbon-14 to find the
approximate age of an object that is
40,000 years old or younger.
2.Cancer Treatment:
Gamma rays pass deep inside the body
and damage cells on their travels. But as
well as causing cancer, they can be used
to kill off cancer cells and even cure
people from this illness. This treatment is
called radiotherapy. Cobalt-60 is
commonly used to kill cancer cells
3.Killing Microbes:
Gamma rays successfully kill microbes that cause food to decay. So food treated with this radiation have a longer shelf life.
4.Tracers:
A Geiger Counter is an instrument that measures radiation. If radioisotopes are added to oil or gas, engineers can follow
the radioisotope, and trace any leaks in oil or gas pipes
Disadvantages:
These radiation passes through our
body and causes damage our cells
known as mutation ,this result in
causing cancer in body.
Uranium:
Atomic number 92
Atomic mass 238.03 g.mol -1
Electronegativit
y according to 1.7
Pauling
Density 18.95 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point 1132 °C
Boiling point 3818 °C
Vanderwaals
0.121 nm
radius
0.103 nm (+3) ;
Ionic radius
0.093 nm (+4)
Isotopes 11
INTRODUCTION:
Uranium is a radioactive, whitish,

silvery color trace element, having a
great importance for nuclear reactor
and weapons.
Its overall concentration in rocks is
about 1-6 parts per million. Total
production of uranium in the world is
about 5902 900 t U per year but
Pakistan produce less than 1% of this
annual production.
Although a number of radioactive sites have
identified in igneous rocks, pegmatites and
schists but main uranium deposits are
sandstone type deposits of sedimentary rocks.
Sandstone type uranium deposits fulfill 30% of

total world uranium requirement so the study
of such type of deposits is very important
Uranium is one of the heaviest of all the
naturally-occurring elements
hydrogen is the lightest.
Uranium is 18.7 times as dense as water.
Natural uranium as found in the Earth's crust
is a mixture largely of two isotopes: uranium-
238 (U-238)=99.3%
uranium-235 (U-235)=0.7%.
ISOTOPES:
U-235
U-234
U-238
The isotope U-235 is important because under certain
conditions it can readily be split, yielding a lot of energy. It is
used for the nuclear fission.
Energy from the uranium atom:
The nucleus of the U-235 atom comprises
protons 92
neutrons 143 (92 + 143 =235) When the
nucleus of a U-235 atom captures a moving neutron it splits
into two (fissions) and releases lot amount of energy in the
form of heat, also two or three additional neutrons are thrown
off.so in such a way chain reaction is started and so on….
Kazakhstan is
the world
largest
uranium
producer.
URANIUM DEPOSITS:
In Pakistan different types of uranium deposits are
identified but the first deposit that was discovered in
1959 in Dhok Pathan Formation .
Regionally uranium deposits are in central and southern part
of Pakistan such as in Bannu Basin, Sulaiman Range, Dera
Ghazi Khan, Issa Khel, Mianwali District and Kirther Range.
First uranium deposit was discovered in Sulaiman Range in
1959 then in 1970 many small deposits discovered in Dera
Ghazi Khan
Dera Ghazi Khan is important regarding uranium production
and this area lies in Sulaiman Range.
Types of Uranium Deposits:
Uranium deposits occur in many different rock types
from sedimentary to volcanic.
Common uranium deposits are:
1.Unconformity-related deposits
An unconformity is time gap in the rock record
between two rock units
Uranium deposits can occur in the underlying or
overlying units
Deposits of this type are common in Australia
Canada and India.
2.Breccia uranium deposits:
Breccias are pre-existing rocks that have be broken-up into
pieces by either weathering and collapse or fracturing
(hydraulic or tectonic).
Deposits of this type are common in Australia, United
States and India.
3.Sandstone & Conglomerate deposits:
Normally in the coarser fraction of sandstones and
conglomerates, these units are typically deposited in
marginal marine to terrestrial environments. The best
deposits are found between impermeable units.
Deposits of this type are common in United
States, Niger, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Gabon, South Africa, Canada, India and
Australia. Types of deposits
4.Tectonic deposits:
Uranium is remobilized and precipitates
adjacent to permeable fault and/or fracture
zones.
5.Limestone deposits:
Units that have high porosity and
permeability as well as organic carbon
contents form good sites for uranium
precipitation.
6.Surficial deposits:
The U is concentrated in young
sediments or soils near the earth's
surface. Uranium minerals
precipitate out onto the finer-
grained particles or are transported
particles
7.Volcanic deposits:
Deposits are associated with fault,
fracture and shear zones in acidic
volcanic rocks
8.Vein deposits:
Uranium ore is associated with veins
or other lenses in igneous,
metamorphic or sedimentary rocks.
9.Intrusive deposits:
In intermediate to acidic igneous
rocks and pegmatites, the uranium-
rich minerals are direct precipitates.
Uranium Year Locality Area
deposit
Baghal Chur 1971 Dera Ghazi Khan
district (Suliman Range)
Qabul Khel 1992 Bannu Basin
Rakhi Munh 1995 Dera Ghazi Khan

district (Suliman Range)
Nangar Nai 1997 Dera Ghazi Khan

district (Sulaiman Range)
Kalar Kahar Salt Range
Taunsa 2000/2001 Dera Ghazi Khan

district (Sulaiman Range)
Shanawah 2009 Karak district

NWFP
Thorium
Atomic Number: 90
Atomic Weight: 232.0377
Melting Point: 2023 K
(1750°C or 3182°F)
Boiling Point: 5061 K (4788°C or 8650°F)
Density: 11.72 grams per
cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Element Classification: Metal
Period Number: 7
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 9.6
milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1×10-
6
milligrams per liter
Introduction:
Thorium is typically found in the minerals
thorite, thorianite and monazite however
monazite is the only mineral from which
Thorium is currently mined. These
monazite deposits are found in placer
deposits. India and the United States
currently have the most thorium deposits
in the world.
Properties:
Thorium is a silvery white, soft, metal, somewhat similar to lead . It

can be hammered, rolled, bent, cut, shaped, and welded rather easily.
Its general physical properties are somewhat similar to those of lead. It
has a melting point of about 1,800°C (3,300°F) and a boiling point of
about 4,500°C (8,100°F).
Discoverer: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Largest Thorium Reserves
IAEA/USGS largest reserves in the world is in India which has 25%
of the world, currently estimated at 519,000 tons
References:
https://www.world-nuclear.org/informa
tion-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/introduct
ion/what-is-uranium-how-does-it-work.a
spx
https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/uran
ium/where.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publicati
Thanks !

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A material containing unstable nuclei

Polonium-215 0.0018 seconds Half-life of

Cobalt-60 5.26 years

Uranium-238 4.5 billion years

Uranium is a radioactive, whitish,

Sandstone type uranium deposits fulfill 30% of

Qabul Khel 1992 Bannu Basin

Rakhi Munh 1995 Dera Ghazi Khan

Nangar Nai 1997 Dera Ghazi Khan

Kalar Kahar Salt Range

Taunsa 2000/2001 Dera Ghazi Khan

Shanawah 2009 Karak district

Thorium is a silvery white, soft, metal, somewhat similar to lead . It

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