Introduction to Internet Programming(ISNY

INSY3081)

5ECTS, 2Lec, 2Lab

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Overview
 In 1969, the US Department of Defense started a project
to allow researchers and military personnel to
communicate with each other in an emergency.
 The project was called ARPAnet and it is the foundation
of the Internet
 The Internet is the largest computer network that
connects hundreds of thousands of individual
networks all over the world.

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 The uses of the Internet
 Send e-mail messages.
 Join Social Networks
 Chat with friends
 Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between
computers.
 Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists,
forums, and newsgroups.
 Surfing the web.

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 What is Web?
 The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information
organized into Web pages containing text and graphic
images.
 It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords
and images that lead to related information.
 A collection of linked Web pages that has a common
theme or focus is called a Web site.
 The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web
site are organized around and link back to is called the
site’s home page.

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 How to access the Web?
 Once you have your Internet connection, then you need
special software called a browser to access the Web.
 Web browsers are used to connect you to remote
computers, open and transfer files, display text and
images.
 Web browsers are specialized programs.
 Examples of Web browser: Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome, and Internet Explorer.

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 Client/Server Structure of the Web
 Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,
called Web servers

 When you use your Internet connection to become part

of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client in a
worldwide client/server network.
 A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.
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 Addresses on the Web: IP Addressing
 Each computer on the internet does have a unique
identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol)
address.
 The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet
uses a four-part number.
 Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255,
and each part is separated from the previous part by period,
 For example, 172.55.101.26

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 Domain Name Addressing
 Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate
Web sites and individual pages.
 They use domain name addressing.
 A domain name is a unique name associated with a
specific IP address by a program that runs on an
Internet host computer.
 This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and
domain names for all computers attached to it, is called
DNS (Domain Name System ) software.
 The host computer that runs this software is called a
domain name server.
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 Domain Name Addressing

 Domain names can include any number of parts separated by

periods, however most domain names currently in use have only
three or four parts.
 Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the left.
 For example, the domain ambou.edu.et is domain used by Ambo
University ,which is an educational institution (edu), located in
Ethiopia (et).
 No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.

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 Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
 The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
 However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
 To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
1. What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
2. The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
3.The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
4.The name of the file
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Structure of URL

protocol pathname

http://estudent.ambou.edu.et/estudent/assessments/index

Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

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TCP/IP protocol
 Transmission control protocol (TCP)provides full
transport layer services for the applications.
 It is connection oriented and the connection must be
established between both ends of transmission before
either can transmit data.
 At the sending end each of transmission, TCP divides
stream of data into smaller groups called segments.
 Each segment includes a sequence number for reordering
at receipt

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IP(internet protocol)
 The internetworking protocol(IP) is the transmission
mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols.
 It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol a best-
effort-delivery service.
 The term best effort means that IP provides no error
checking or tracking.
 IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and
does its best to get transmission through to its destination,
but with no guarantees.

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UDP
 User datagram protocol(UDP) is called connectionless,
unreliable transport protocol.
 It does not add anything to the services of IP except to
provide process-to- process communication instead of
host to host communication.
 Also it performs, very limited error checking
 It is used If the process sends small message and does not
care about the reliability.

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ICMP
 The Internet control message protocol(ICMP) is a
mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send
notification of datagram problems back to the sender.
 ICMP sends query and error reporting messages

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HTTP
 HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer protocol
 WWW is about communication between web clients and
servers
 Communication between client computers and web
servers is done by sending HTTP Requests and receiving
HTTP Responses
 Clients are often browsers (Chrome, Edge, Safari), but
they can be any type of program or device.
 Servers are most often computers in the cloud.

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HTTP Request / Response
 Communication between clients and servers is done by
requests and responses:
 A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
 A web server receives the request
 The server runs an application to process the request
 The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the
browser
 The client (the browser) receives the response

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Static Vs Dynamic web pages
Static
 A static web page will always show the same content
every time unless the actual web page file itself is edited
 Examples of typical static web page files have
extensions .htm or .html
Dynamic
 A dynamic web page is constantly changing
 Can draw ever changing Content from external
information sources
 Example files with extensions used. .jsp, .php, .asp, .aspx

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